Particle Nanoarchitectonics for Nanomedicine and Nanotherapeutic Drugs with Special Emphasis on Nasal Drugs and Aging
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Biosynthesis and Bioavailability of Nanoparticles
3. Nanocarriers and Drug Delivery for CNS
4. Studies in Octogenarians for Genetic Analysis of Aging
4.1. Physiological Aging
4.2. Transcriptional Approach for Studies of Aging
4.3. Aging Affects Angiogenesis
4.4. Role of VEGF to Delay Aging
4.5. Diet That Improves Vascular Function to Delay Aging
4.6. Role of FOLR1 in Aging
5. Intake of Folic Acid Leading to a Slow Aging Process
5.1. Effect of Deficiency of Folate in Elderly People
5.2. Dosage of Folic Acid by FDA
5.3. Folate-Containing Foods
6. Other Genes Affecting the Expressions of FOLR1 and VEGF
6.1. GATA6 Gene
- (a)
- direct activation of genes associated with maintaining stem cell characteristics (Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 genes);
- (b)
- repression of miRNA biogenesis associated with these genes or their effector molecules, as demonstrated for Oct4 and its effector target Trim71.
6.2. CBS Gene
6.3. CISD2 Gene
6.4. SIRT1 and SIRT6 Genes
7. Associated Diseases
7.1. VEGF-Associated Diseases
7.2. FOLR1-Associated Diseases
8. Nanotherapeutics and Aging
9. Nanoparticles: As Drugs and Vaccine Delivery Systems via the Nasal Cavity
9.1. Nasal System
9.2. Zx+10a0 Nasal Vaccination: Why Nanoparticles?
9.3. Features of the Nose for the Delivery of Drugs and Vaccines
Activation of the Mucosal Immune System by Nanoparticles
- (1)
- effectors sites;
- (2)
- inductive sites.
- (1)
- barrier maintenance;
- (2)
- mucosal immune response initiation.
9.4. Nasal Drug and Vaccine Delivery and Nanoparticles
- (1)
- polysaccharide nanoparticles;
- (2)
- protein nanoparticles;
- (3)
- lipid nanoparticles;
- (4)
- polymers nanoparticles.
9.4.1. Polysaccharide-Based Nanoparticles
9.4.2. Chitosan Nanoparticles
9.4.3. Starch Nanoparticles
9.5. Polymer Nanoparticles
9.6. Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
Immune Stimulating Complexes (ISCOMs)
9.7. Protein-Based Nanoparticles
10. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Features | Changes with Aging | Effects on Nanotherapeutics (NPs) |
---|---|---|
Absorption | ||
Gastric acid | Decreased secretion | Reduced degradation |
Microbiota | Reduced diversity and leaky gut | Increased absorption time |
Gut motility | Delayed gastric emptying | Potential increase in toxicity |
Injectable permeability | Injection absorption unaffected | Injectable NPs are unaffected |
Distribution | ||
Plasma proteins | Reduced circulating albumin | May reduce protein corona |
Body composition | Decreased water and increased fat contents | May reduce the distribution of water-soluble NPs and increase the distribution of fat-soluble NPs. |
Cellular uptake | ||
Phagocytosis | Reduced clearance and high circulating inflammatory markers | Unaffected NPs uptake |
Endocytosis | By LSECs is slightly reduced | Largely unaffected |
Transcytosis | By LSECs is unaffected | Unaffected |
Passive uptake | Decreased due to pseudocappilarization | Reduced NP uptake |
Metabolism | ||
Phase I | Reduced due to hepatic blood flow | Prolonged circulation time |
Phase II | Reduced | Unaffected |
Type of Particles | Particles Characteristics | Model | Immunization Parameters | Immunity Response | Reference | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Size (nm) | Z (mV) | Admi. | Ag Dose (µg) | Anes. | ||||
Chitosan | 300–680 | 26 | Mice | 3 × 15 µL | 2.5 | Yes | h, m | (Bento et al.) [120] |
80 | 14 | Mice | 2 × 10 µL | 10 | Yes | h, m | (Pawar et al.) [121] | |
Maltodextrin | 70 | 38 | Mice | 3 × 12 µL | 10 | No | h, c, m | (Debin et al.) [122] |
Chitosan PLGA | 500 nm–2 µm | - | Cattle | 1/2/3 mL | 10–15 | - | h, m | (Pan et al.) [123] |
Liposomes | 30–100 | - | Mice | 3 × 50 µL | - | - | c | (Ninomiya et al.) [124] |
ISCOMs | 40–50 | - | Mice | 2 µL | 2 | Yes | h, m | (Cibulski et al.) [125] |
Polystyrene | 300–390 | - | Mice | 3 × 20 µL | 10 | - | c | (Misstear et al.) [126] |
PLA microparticle | - | - | Mice | 10 × 50 µL | - | Yes | h | (Rice-Ficht et al.) [127] |
Lipopeptide | 150–1000 | - | Mice | 3 × 10 µL | 40 | - | h, m | (Zaman et al.) [128] |
Dextran | 140–310 | −38:39 | Mice | 3 × 10 µL | 10 | No | h, m | (Marasini et al.) [129] |
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Aziz, T.; Nadeem, A.A.; Sarwar, A.; Perveen, I.; Hussain, N.; Khan, A.A.; Daudzai, Z.; Cui, H.; Lin, L. Particle Nanoarchitectonics for Nanomedicine and Nanotherapeutic Drugs with Special Emphasis on Nasal Drugs and Aging. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020354
Aziz T, Nadeem AA, Sarwar A, Perveen I, Hussain N, Khan AA, Daudzai Z, Cui H, Lin L. Particle Nanoarchitectonics for Nanomedicine and Nanotherapeutic Drugs with Special Emphasis on Nasal Drugs and Aging. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(2):354. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020354
Chicago/Turabian StyleAziz, Tariq, Abad Ali Nadeem, Abid Sarwar, Ishrat Perveen, Nageen Hussain, Ayaz Ali Khan, Zubaida Daudzai, Haiying Cui, and Lin Lin. 2023. "Particle Nanoarchitectonics for Nanomedicine and Nanotherapeutic Drugs with Special Emphasis on Nasal Drugs and Aging" Biomedicines 11, no. 2: 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11020354