Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate and Bergamot Essential Oil Co-Loaded Ultradeformable Nanocarriers: An Effective Natural Nanomedicine for In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Topical Therapies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Ultradeformable Nanocarriers Preparation and Purification
2.3. Physicochemical Characterization
2.4. High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Instrument
2.5. Evaluation of Entrapment Efficiency of Natural Compounds
2.6. Freeze-Drying Stability Studies
2.7. In Vitro Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate Release Kinetic
2.8. Deformability Assay
2.9. In Vivo Evaluation of Topical Tolerability
2.10. In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Evaluation of Vesicles
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical and Technological Characterization of Ultradeformable Nanocarriers
3.2. Entrapment Efficiency Evaluation
3.3. In Vitro Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate Release Studies
3.4. Deformability Index
3.5. In Vivo Studies on Human Health Volunteers
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sample | AG (mg/mL) | BEO (% w/v) |
---|---|---|
A | - | - |
B | 3 | - |
C | 5 | - |
D | 7.5 | - |
E | - | 1 |
F | 3 | 1 |
G | 5 | 1 |
H | 7.5 | 1 |
Sample | Mean Size (nm) | PdI a | Net Surface Charge (mV) |
---|---|---|---|
A | 135 ± 2 | 0.109 ± 0.019 | −35.9 ± 0.2 |
B | 134 ± 1 | 0.110 ± 0.001 | −32.6 ± 0.4 |
C | 119 ± 1 | 0.117 ± 0.008 | −37.3 ± 1.3 |
D | 105 ± 1 | 0.168 ± 0.003 | −39.0 ± 1.3 |
E | 133 ±1 | 0.082 ± 0.026 | −30.5 ± 0.8 |
F | 126 ± 1 | 0.091 ± 0.007 | −32.8 ± 0.6 |
G | 129 ± 1 | 0.120 ± 0.024 | −43.2 ± 1.6 |
H | 124 ± 1 | 0.139 ± 0.022 | −46.7 ± 0.4 |
Sample | AG E.E. (%) | BEO E.E. (%) |
---|---|---|
B | 39.5 ± 0.6 | - |
C | 77.8 ± 1.0 | - |
D | 75.1 ± 1.8 | - |
E | - | 33.1 ± 0.2 |
F | 45.2 ± 0.6 | 28.1 ± 0.7 |
G | 65.0 ± 2.0 | 26.4 ± 1.3 |
H | 74.2 ± 1.0 | 24.0 ± 0.9 |
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Cristiano, M.C.; d’Avanzo, N.; Mancuso, A.; Tarsitano, M.; Barone, A.; Torella, D.; Paolino, D.; Fresta, M. Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate and Bergamot Essential Oil Co-Loaded Ultradeformable Nanocarriers: An Effective Natural Nanomedicine for In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Topical Therapies. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051039
Cristiano MC, d’Avanzo N, Mancuso A, Tarsitano M, Barone A, Torella D, Paolino D, Fresta M. Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate and Bergamot Essential Oil Co-Loaded Ultradeformable Nanocarriers: An Effective Natural Nanomedicine for In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Topical Therapies. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(5):1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051039
Chicago/Turabian StyleCristiano, Maria Chiara, Nicola d’Avanzo, Antonia Mancuso, Martine Tarsitano, Antonella Barone, Daniele Torella, Donatella Paolino, and Massimo Fresta. 2022. "Ammonium Glycyrrhizinate and Bergamot Essential Oil Co-Loaded Ultradeformable Nanocarriers: An Effective Natural Nanomedicine for In Vivo Anti-Inflammatory Topical Therapies" Biomedicines 10, no. 5: 1039. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10051039