The Performance of FDA-Approved PET Imaging Agents in the Detection of Prostate Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Imaging Agents Targeting the Cell Division and Proliferation
3.1.1. [18F]FDG
3.1.2. [11C]Choline
3.1.3. [18F]Fluciclovine (FACBC)
3.2. Imaging Agents Targeting Cancer-Specific Membrane Proteins or Receptors
3.2.1. [68Ga]GaPSMA-11
3.2.2. [18F]DCFPyL
3.3. Imaging Agents Targeting Bone Lesions
[18F]-NaF
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Target | Mechanism of Accumulation in Tumors | Compounds |
---|---|---|
Choline | Choline is used to synthesize phosphatidylcholine, a cell membrane component. Overexpression of choline kinase has been observed in human PCa | 11C- and 18F-choline |
Acetate | Acetate is the substrate of lipid and cholesterol synthesis. In PCa cells, the increased cellular uptake of acetate was found | 11C-acetate, 18F-acetate |
Glucose | Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in the human body, particularly for hypermetabolic cells, and increased expressions of transmembrane glucose transporters and hexokinase have been observed in various cancer types | 18F-FDG |
Amino acids | Amino acid transporter is upregulated in carcinomas because of increased amino acid use for energy requirements and protein synthesis | 18F-fluciclovine, 11C-methionine, 11C-serotonin, 18F-fluoro-methyl-arabinofuranosyl-uracil (FMAU) |
PMSA | PSMA, a transmembrane cell protein, is heterogeneously expressed by normal prostate luminal epithelial cells and highly upregulated in PCa [15] | capromab pendetide (Prostascint), 89Zr-labeled J591111In-labeled J591, IAB2M,68Ga-PSMA-11, 18F-DCFPyL, 99mTc-MIP-1404 |
GRPR | GRPR is overexpressed in many cancer types, including PCa, stimulating tumor cell proliferation when activated by agonistic molecules, while being non-detectable in normal prostate tissues | 68Ga-AMBA, 68Ga-BBN-RGD, 111In-RM1, 68Ga-RM2, 68Ga-SB3, NeoBOMB1, 68Ga-RM26 |
uPA 1 | uPA binds with high affinity to uPAR, which is upregulated in most tumors, including PCa, and associated with advanced disease and poor prognosis [16] | 64Cu-DOTA-AE105 |
PSCA 2 | PSCA is overexpressed in 83–100% of PCas; the elevated level of PSCA expression is directly associated with advanced stages and high GSC | 89Zr-A2cDb |
STEAP1 3 | STEAP1 is overexpressed in many cancer cells, including PCa. STEAP1 shows a correlation between increased expression and tumor aggressiveness | 89Zr-2109A |
CD46 | CD46 is overexpressed in primary tumor tissue and castration-resistant PCa | YS5 (89Zr-DFO-YS5) |
AR | AR plays an important role in the growth of PCa because it is a transcription factor that influences many other genes, including the genes responsible for PSA | 18F-Fluorodihydrotestosterone (18F-FDHT) |
Bone seeking agents | A bone-seeking agent is physiologically absorbed at the site of osteoblastic activity and accumulates in sclerotic metastases, due to its high affinity to the newly formed bone | 18F-NaF, 99mTc-MDP |
Patients’ Condition | Imaging Modality | Detection Rate (%) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Number of patients: 213 GSC: ≥6 PSA (ng/mL): 4.24 (0.2–93.5) Mean age: 66.4 (46–90) | PET/CT | Overall: 57 31 (PSA: <0.5) 50 (PSA: 0.5–1.0) 66 (PSA: 1–2) | [40] |
Number of patients: 84 GSC: ≥6 PSA (ng/mL): 0.7 (0.2–12.9) Mean age: 66.5 (53.0–84.7) | PET/MRI | Overall: 39.9 27.1 (PSA: <1) 55.6 (PSA: ≥1) | [38] |
Number of patients: 328 GSC: unknown PSA (ng/mL): 1.6 (0.02–186.7) Mean age: 71(47–90) | PET/CT | Overall: 65 58 (PSA: 0–0.2) 50 (PSA: 0.2–0.5) 75 (PSA: 0.5–1.0) 73 (PSA: 1.0–2.0) 95 (PSA: 2.0–5.0) 97 (PSA: 5.0–10.0) 95 (PSA: ≥10.0) | [41] |
Number of patients: 79 GSC: ≥6 PSA (ng/mL): 0.33 (0.02–31.00) Mean age: 61.6 ± 7.6 | PET/CT | Overall: 79.7 75.4 (PSA: <1) 90.9 (PSA: ≥1) | [39] |
Number of patients: 165 GSC: unknown PSA (ng/mL): 3.1 (0.02–2975) Mean age: 71.1 (51–91) | PET/CT | Overall: 66.7 15.4 (PSA: <0.5) 50 (PSA: 0.5–0.99) 55.6 (PSA: 1–2) 68.2 (PSA: 2–5) 93.7 (PSA: ≥5) | [37] |
Number of patients: 81 GSC: unknown PSA (ng/mL): median 0.99 Mean age:74 | PET/CT | Overall: 76.9 66.7 (PSA: 0.2–0.57) 71.4 (PSA: 0.58–0.99) 78.9 (PSA: 1–1.5) 90 (PSA: >1.5) | [43] |
Patients’ Condition | Treatment | Imaging Modality | Detection Rate (%) (PSA:ng/mL) | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number of patients: 31 GSC: 7 (5–9) PSA (ng/mL): 2.0 (0.1–130.0) Mean age: 71 (51–78) | The combination or single use of RT, RP, HDR brachytherapy, and ADT and HIFU | dPET/CT and whole-body PET/CT | Overall: 71 46.7 (PSA: 0.1–2) 75.0 (PSA: >2) | [81] |
Number of patients: 56 GSC: 6–9 (7/56 unknown) PSA (ng/mL): 0.99 (IQR: 3.1) Mean age: 69 (IQR: 11) | RP | PET/MRI | Overall: 78.6 44.4 (PSA: <0.2); 72.7 (PSA: 0.2–0.5) 80.0 (PSA: 0.5–2.0) 95.2 (PSA: >2.0) | [82] |
Number of patients: 1007 GSC: 7 (5–10) PSA (ng/mL): 2.2 (0.01–1237) Mean age: 68 (39–90) | The combination or single use of RP, RT, ADT and HIFU | PET/CT | Overall: 79.5 46 (PSA: ≤0.2); 46 (PSA: 0.21–0.5) 73 (PSA: 0.51–1.0) 80 (PSA: 1.1–2.0) 86 (PSA: 2.1–3.0) 91 (PSA: 3.1–5.0) 94 (PSA: 5.1–7.0) 91 (PSA: 7.1–10.0) 96 (PSA: >10.0) | [76] |
Number of patients: 270 GSC: ≥6 (6% unknown) PSA (ng/mL): 0.44 (0.03–1) Mean age: 68 (43–90) | RP without RT | PET/CT | Overall: 49 | [83] |
Number of patients: 119 GSC: ≥6 PSA (ng/mL): 0.32 (0.2–0.5) Mean age: 66 (44–78) | RP without RT after recurrence | PET/CT | Overall: 34.4 | [84] |
Number of patients: 223 PSA (ng/mL): 0.65 (0.2–8.9) Mean age: 70 (66–75) | RT, ADT-free six months before PET scan | PET/CT | Overall: 39.9 23.2 (PSA: 0.2–0.5) 49.6 (PSA: >0.5) | [78] |
Number of patients: 660 GSC: >6, 45 patients GSC ≤ 6 PSA (ng/mL): median PSA 10.65 Mean age: 70 (49–88) | RP, RT, or brachytherapy | PET/CT | Overall: 76 41 (PSA: <0.2) 44.7 (PSA: 0.2–0.5) 61.7 (PSA: 0.5–1.0) 72.3 (PSA: 1.0–2.0) 82.5 (PSA: 2.0–5.0) 94 (PSA: ≥5) | [85] |
Number of patients: 581 GSC: >6, 37 patients GSC ≤ 6 PSA (ng/mL): 2.98 (0.2–2000) Mean age: 71 (49–88) | RP, RT, and ADT | PET/CT | Overall: 77 Overall Post-RP: 75 40 (PSA: 0.2–0.5) 62 (PSA: 0.5–1) 70 (PSA: 1–2) 84 (PSA: 2–5) 94 (PSA: ≥5) Overall p-RT: 9188 (PSA: 2–5) 93 (PSA: ≥5) | [86] |
Number of patients: 84 GSC: ≥8 PSA (ng/mL): 4.27 (0.8–18) Mean age: 71 (66–76) | Prior therapy: RT or RP Ongoing therapy: ADT | PET/CT or PET/MRI | Overall: 94 85.2 (PSA: 0–1) 97.3 (PSA: 1–20) 100 (PSA: >20) | [87] |
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Li, M.; Zelchan, R.; Orlova, A. The Performance of FDA-Approved PET Imaging Agents in the Detection of Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines 2022, 10, 2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102533
Li M, Zelchan R, Orlova A. The Performance of FDA-Approved PET Imaging Agents in the Detection of Prostate Cancer. Biomedicines. 2022; 10(10):2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102533
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Mei, Roman Zelchan, and Anna Orlova. 2022. "The Performance of FDA-Approved PET Imaging Agents in the Detection of Prostate Cancer" Biomedicines 10, no. 10: 2533. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10102533