The Effect of Changes in Employment on Health of Work-Related Injured Workers: A Longitudinal Perspectives
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Variable Description
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics of Workers with Industrial Accident Experience
3.2. Overall Health Status Based on the General Characteristics of the Research Subjects
3.3. A Longitudinal Association Analysis between Precarious Employment and Overall Health Status
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 2013 (n, %) | 2014 (n, %) | 2015 (n, %) | 2016 (n, %) | 2017 (n, %) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | ||||||
General health status | 2.5(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | |
Economic status | Employment | 1387(70.8) | 1445(80.1) | 1371(80.5) | 1355(81.6) | 1310(81.1) |
Unemployment | 571(29.2) | 358(19.9) | 333(19.5) | 305(18.4) | 306(18.9) | |
Socioeconomic status | ||||||
Sex | Male | 1649(84.2) | 1514(84.0) | 1422(83.5) | 1382(83.3) | 1337(82.7) |
Female | 309(15.8) | 289(16.0) | 282(16.5) | 278(16.7) | 279(17.3) | |
Age | Under 30 | 108(5.5) | 78(4.3) | 59(3.5) | 46(2.8) | 30(1.9) |
30~39 | 288(14.7) | 242(13.4) | 200(11.7) | 174(10.5) | 162(10.0) | |
40~49 | 513(26.2) | 443(24.6) | 407(23.9) | 370(22.3) | 337(20.9) | |
50~59 | 697(35.6) | 692(38.4) | 597(35.0) | 574(34.6) | 533(33.0) | |
Over 60 | 352(18.0) | 348(19.9) | 441(25.9) | 496(29.9) | 554(34.3) | |
Education | Under elementary | 402(20.5) | 369(20.5) | 354(20.8) | 348(21.0) | 345(21.3) |
Middle school | 373(19.1) | 345(19.1) | 324(19.0) | 316(19.0) | 305(18.9) | |
High school | 886(45.3) | 814(45.1) | 758(44.5) | 738(44.5) | 715(44.2) | |
Over college | 297(15.2) | 275(15.3) | 268(15.7) | 258(15.5) | 251(15.5) | |
Injury-related variables | ||||||
Working period | Under 1 year | 1283(65.5) | 1172(65.0) | 1110(65.1) | 1071(64.5) | 1029(63.7) |
Over 1 year | 675(34.5) | 631(35.0) | 594(34.9) | 589(35.5) | 587(36.3) | |
Cause of injury | Accident | 1792(91.5) | 1645(91.2) | 1564(91.8) | 1524(91.8) | 1479(91.5) |
Disease | 166(8.5) | 158(8.8) | 140(8.20 | 136(8.2) | 137(8.5) | |
Claim duration | Under 6 months | 1127(57.6) | 1032(57.2) | 986(57.9) | 960(57.8) | 932(57.7) |
Under 1 year | 629(32.1) | 579(32.1) | 543(31.9) | 529(31.9) | 519(32.1) | |
Over 1 year | 202(10.3) | 192(10.6) | 157(10.3) | 171(10.3) | 165(10.2) | |
Health status | ||||||
Disability rating | Yes | 1616(82.5) | 1491(82.7) | 1401(82.2) | 1365(82.2) | 1330(82.3) |
No | 342(17.5) | 312(17.3) | 303(17.8) | 295(17.8) | 286(17.7) | |
Chronic disease | None | 1630(83.2) | 1413(78.4) | 1216(71.4) | 1116(67.2) | 1005(62.2) |
1 | 252(12.9) | 290(16.1) | 344(20.2) | 378(22.8) | 402(24.9) | |
2 | 62(3.2) | 80(4.4) | 98(5.80) | 114(6.9) | 134(8.3) | |
Over 3 | 14(0.7) | 20(1.1) | 46(2.70) | 52(3.1) | 75(4.6) | |
Smoking | No | 1006(51.4) | 994(55.1) | 1035(60.7) | 1033(62.2) | 1058(65.5) |
Yes | 952(48.6) | 809(44.9) | 669(39.3) | 627(37.8) | 558(34.5) | |
Drinking | No | 544(27.8) | 595(33.0) | 549(32.2) | 618(37.2) | 563(34.8) |
Yes | 1414(72.2) | 1208(67.0) | 1155(67.8) | 1042(62.8) | 1053(65.2) |
Year | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | |||||||||||
Economic status | Employment | 2.7(0.6) | T = 15.89 *** | 2.7(0.6) | T = −13.78 *** | 2.7(0.6) | T = −15.38 *** | 2.8(0.6) | T = −15.98 *** | 2.8(0.6) | T = −16.19 *** |
Unemployment | 2.1(0.7) | 2.2(0.8) | 2.1(0.8) | 2.0(0.8) | 2.0(0.8) | ||||||
Socioeconomic status | |||||||||||
Sex | Male | 2.5(0.7) | T = −0.29 | 2.6(0.7) | T = 2.20 * | 2.6(0.7) | T = 2.07 * | 2.6(0.7) | T = 2.35 * | 2.7(0.7) | T = 2.03 * |
Female | 2.5(0.7) | 2.5(0.7) | 2.5(0.6) | 2.5(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | ||||||
Age | Under 30 | 2.8(0.6) | F = 25.32 *** | 2.9(0.7) | F = 38.40 *** | 3.1(0.6) | F = 38.89 *** | 3.2(0.5) | F = 44.24 *** | 3.2(0.6) | F = 51.82 |
30~39 | 2.8(0.6) | 2.9(0.6) | 2.9(0.6) | 2.9(0.6) | 3.0(0.6) | ||||||
40~49 | 2.5(0.6) | 2.7(0.6) | 2.7(0.6) | 2.8(0.6) | 2.9(0.6) | ||||||
50~59 | 2.5(0.6) | 2.5(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | 2.7(0.6) | ||||||
Over 60 | 2.3(0.6) | 2.4(0.7) | 2.3(0.7) | 2.4(0.7) | 2.4(0.7) | ||||||
Education level | Under elementary school | 2.3(0.7) | F = 27.01 *** | 2.3(0.7) | F = 58.82 *** | 2.3(0.7) | F = 47.41 *** | 2.3(0.7) | F = 49.76 *** | 2.3(0.7) | F = 57.16 *** |
Middle school | 2.5(0.7) | 2.5(0.6) | 2.5(0.7) | 2.5(0.6) | 2.5(0.7) | ||||||
High school | 2.6(0.7) | 2.7(0.6) | 2.7(0.7) | 2.7(0.7) | 2.8(0.6) | ||||||
Over college | 2.7(0.6) | 2.9(0.7) | 2.8(0.6) | 2.8(0.6) | 2.9(0.7) | ||||||
Injury-related variables | |||||||||||
Working period | Under 1 year | 2.5(0.7) | T = 5.37 *** | 2.6(0.7) | T = −5.24 *** | 2.5(0.7) | T = −5.76 *** | 2.6(0.7) | T = −5.66 *** | 2.6(0.7) | T = −4.84 *** |
Over 1 year | 2.6(0.6) | 2.7(0.6) | 2.7(0.6) | 2.8(0.7) | 2.8(0.6) | ||||||
Cause of injury | Accident | 2.5(0.7) | T = 3.64 *** | 2.6(0.7) | T = 1.91 | 2.6(0.7) | T = 2.23 * | 2.6(0.7) | T = 2.62 ** | 2.7(0.7) | T = 2.82 ** |
Disease | 2.3(0.7) | 2.5(0.7) | 2.5(0.7) | 2.5(0.7) | 2.5(0.7) | ||||||
Claim duration | Under 6 months | 2.7(0.6) | F = 93.13 *** | 2.7(0.6) | F = 61.52 *** | 2.7(0.6) | F = 55.09 *** | 2.7(0.6) | F = 49.64 *** | 2.8(0.6) | F = 47.68 *** |
6 months~year | 2.4(0.6) | 2.6(0.7) | 2.5(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | ||||||
Over 1 year | 2.0(0.7) | 2.2(0.8) | 2.2(0.8) | 2.2(0.8) | 2.2(0.8) | ||||||
Health status | |||||||||||
Disability | No | 2.8(0.7) | T = 7.27 *** | 2.8 (0.7) | T = −4.48 *** | 2.8(0.7) | T = 5.32 *** | 2.8 (0.6) | T = −5.95 *** | 2.8 (0.6) | T = −5.74 *** |
Yes | 2.5(0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.6(0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | 2.6 (0.7) | ||||||
Chronic disease | None | 2.6(0.7) | F = 27.93 *** | 2.7(0.6) | F = 47.49 *** | 2.7(0.6) | F = 76.61 *** | 2.8(0.6) | F = 93.12 *** | 2.9(0.6) | F = 124.49 *** |
1 | 2.3(0.7) | 2.3(0.7) | 2.3(0.6) | 2.3(0.7) | 2.4(0.7) | ||||||
2 | 2.2(0.7) | 2.2(0.7) | 2.2(0.7) | 2.2(0.7) | 2.3(0.7) | ||||||
Over 3 | 1.8(0.8) | 2.0(0.8) | 1.9(0.6) | 1.9(0.6) | 1.8(0.6) | ||||||
Smoking | 2.5(0.7) | T = −1.41 | 2.6(0.7) | T = −2.76 ** | 2.6(0.7) | T = −3.46 ** | 2.6 (0.7) | T = −3.10 ** | 2.6 (0.7) | T = −3.68 *** | |
2.6(0.7) | 2.7(0.6) | 2.7(0.7) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.7 (0.6) | |||||||
Drinking | 2.4(0.7) | T = 4.91 *** | 2.5(0.7) | T = −7.14 *** | 2.4(0.7) | T = −8.24 *** | 2.5 (0.7) | T = −7.70 *** | 2.4 (0.7) | T = −9.57 *** | |
2.6(0.7) | 2.7(0.6) | 2.7(0.6) | 2.7 (0.6) | 2.8 (0.6) |
Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (s.e.) | 95% C.I. | B (s.e.) | 95% C.I. | B (s.e.) | 95% C.I. | B (s.e.) | 95% C.I. | |
Employment status | −0.379 (0.017) | 0.347–0.412 | −0.364 (0.017) | 0.332–0.397 | −0.331 (0.016) | 0.304–0.369 | −0.321 (0.016) | 0.294–0.359 |
Socioeconomic status | ||||||||
Sex | 0.054 (0.030) | −0.007–0.109 | −0.008 (0.029) | −0.067–0.047 | 0.040 (0.030) | −0.020–0.096 | ||
Age | −0.061 (0.010) | −0.081–0.042 | −0.052 (0.010) | −0.073–−0.034 | −0.027 (0.010) | −0.047–0.009 | ||
Education | 0.120 (0.012) | 0.100–0.149 | 0.111 (0.011) | 0.093–0.141 | 0.101 (0.011) | 0.083–0.130 | ||
Injury-related variables | ||||||||
Working period | 0.015 (0.003) | 0.071–0.157 | 0.014 (0.002) | 0.072–0.155 | ||||
Cause of injury | −0.194 (0.003) | −0.256–0.105 | −0.176 (0.038) | −0.236–0.090 | ||||
Claim duration | −0.106 (0.009) | −0.201–0.137 | −0.099 (0.009) | −0.190–0.128 | ||||
Health status | ||||||||
Disability rating | 0.067 (0.030) | 0.053–0.165 | 0.075 (0.028) | 0.060–0.168 | ||||
Chronic disease | −0.131 (0.010) | −0.157–0.115 | ||||||
Smoking | −0.001 (0.015) | −0.031–0.028 | ||||||
Drinking | 0.087 (0.015) | 0.061–0.120 |
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Kim, H.-K.; Kim, K.-M.; Kim, J.-H.; Rhee, H.-S. The Effect of Changes in Employment on Health of Work-Related Injured Workers: A Longitudinal Perspectives. Healthcare 2021, 9, 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040470
Kim H-K, Kim K-M, Kim J-H, Rhee H-S. The Effect of Changes in Employment on Health of Work-Related Injured Workers: A Longitudinal Perspectives. Healthcare. 2021; 9(4):470. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040470
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Han-Kyoul, Kyu-Min Kim, Jae-Hak Kim, and Hyun-Sill Rhee. 2021. "The Effect of Changes in Employment on Health of Work-Related Injured Workers: A Longitudinal Perspectives" Healthcare 9, no. 4: 470. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9040470