Social Support, Self-Care Behaviour and Self-Efficacy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Population and Setting
2.3. Sample Size and Sampling Process
2.4. Data Collection Tools/Instruments
2.5. Ethical Consideration
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics | No. | % |
---|---|---|
Age (Years) | ||
26–35 | 8 | 4.35 |
36–45 | 61 | 33.15 |
46–55 | 73 | 39.67 |
56–65 | 29 | 15.76 |
>65 | 13 | 7.07 |
Gender | ||
Male | 63 | 34.24 |
Female | 121 | 65.76 |
Marital status | ||
Married | 151 | 82.06 |
Unmarried | 33 | 17.94 |
Time since diagnosis of diabetes | ||
1–5 years | 51 | 27.72 |
6–10 years | 84 | 45.65 |
>10 years | 49 | 26.63 |
Comorbidity | ||
Yes | 147 | 79.89 |
No | 37 | 20.11 |
Education | ||
No formal education or elementary school | 35 | 19.02 |
High school | 76 | 41.30 |
Higher secondary school | 42 | 22.83 |
Graduate and above | 31 | 16.85 |
Employment status | ||
Unemployed or no organized employment | 67 | 36.41 |
Government employee/Army/Police | 44 | 23.91 |
Private employee | 17 | 9.24 |
Self Employed | 38 | 20.65 |
Retired | 18 | 9.78 |
Glycemic Control | ||
HbA1c < 6.5% | 116 | 63.04 |
HbA1c ≥ 6.5% | 68 | 36.96 |
Mean BMI (kg/m2) ± SD | 30.07 ± 5.13 |
Characteristics | Mean ± SD |
---|---|
General Diet | 5.61 ± 2.74 |
Specific Diet | 4.81 ±2.08 |
Exercise | 2.38 ± 1.69 |
Foot Care | 4.02 ± 1.17 |
Glucose Monitoring | 4.27 ± 2.11 |
Smoking Status | 25.54% |
Summary of Diabetes Self-care | 4.56 ± 2.61 |
Variables | Beta Coefficient | t-Value | p-Value | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower | Upper | ||||
Social Support | 0.34 | 4.5 | 0.000 *** | 0.24 | 0.61 |
DM Self-care Activities | 0.36 | 2.91 | 0.005 ** | 1.54 | 0.29 |
DM Self Efficacy | 0.26 | 2.38 | 0.020 * | 1.34 | 0.12 |
Gender | 0.23 | 2.13 | 0.036 * | 1.86 | 0.06 |
Age | 0.26 | 3.6 | 0.001 *** | 0.09 | 0.32 |
Education | 0.49 | 5.88 | 0.000 *** | 0.26 | 0.52 |
Variables | Glycosylated Hemoglobin < 6.5% | Glycosylated Hemoglobin ≥ 6.5% | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Number of patients | 116 | 68 | |
MSPSS (Mean (SD)) | 6.13(2.13) | 5.31(1.67) | 0.042 * |
SDSCA (Mean (SD)) | 4.31(2.06) | 3.50(1.73) | <0.001 |
DMSES (Mean (SD)) | 5.74(1.95) | 4.37(1.4) | <0.01 |
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Paulsamy, P.; Ashraf, R.; Alshahrani, S.H.; Periannan, K.; Qureshi, A.A.; Venkatesan, K.; Manoharan, V.; Govindasamy, N.; Prabahar, K.; Arumugam, T.; et al. Social Support, Self-Care Behaviour and Self-Efficacy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2021, 9, 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111607
Paulsamy P, Ashraf R, Alshahrani SH, Periannan K, Qureshi AA, Venkatesan K, Manoharan V, Govindasamy N, Prabahar K, Arumugam T, et al. Social Support, Self-Care Behaviour and Self-Efficacy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2021; 9(11):1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111607
Chicago/Turabian StylePaulsamy, Premalatha, Rizwan Ashraf, Shadia Hamoud Alshahrani, Kalaiselvi Periannan, Absar Ahmed Qureshi, Krishnaraju Venkatesan, Vani Manoharan, Natarajan Govindasamy, Kousalya Prabahar, Tamilselvi Arumugam, and et al. 2021. "Social Support, Self-Care Behaviour and Self-Efficacy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 9, no. 11: 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111607
APA StylePaulsamy, P., Ashraf, R., Alshahrani, S. H., Periannan, K., Qureshi, A. A., Venkatesan, K., Manoharan, V., Govindasamy, N., Prabahar, K., Arumugam, T., Venkatesan, K., Chidambaram, K., Kandasamy, G., Vasudevan, R., & Krishnaraju, K. (2021). Social Support, Self-Care Behaviour and Self-Efficacy in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 9(11), 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9111607