Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Sample Size
2.3. Scale Translation
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. K-SADS-PL-C DSM-5
2.4.2. Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R)
2.4.3. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
2.4.4. Clinical Global Impressions—Severity (CGI-S)
2.5. Procedure
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Sample
3.2. Reliability
3.3. Validity Analysis
3.3.1. Convergent Validity
3.3.2. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.3.3. ROC Analysis
3.3.4. Analysis of Age and Gender Differences in CDRS-R Scores
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
Abbreviations
CDRS-R | Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised |
MDD | Major depressive disorder |
HCs | Healthy controls |
ROC | Receiver operating characteristic |
BDI | Beck Depression Inventory |
CES-DC | Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for Children |
HAMD | Hamilton Depression Rating Scale |
K-SADS-PL-C | Chinese version of Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children—Present and Lifetime Version |
DSM-5 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders—Fifth Edition |
CGI-S | Clinical Global Impressions—Severity |
SDs | Standard deviations |
CFA | Confirmatory factor analysis |
MLR | Robust Maximum Likelihood |
CFI | Comparative fit index |
TLI | Tucker–Lewis index |
SRMR | Standardized root mean square residual |
RMSEA | Root mean square error of approximation |
AUC | Area under the curve |
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Characteristics | MDD | HCs | p-Value | Cohen’s d |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patients (n) | 180 | 180 | - | |
Female (n, %) a | 108, 60% | 112, 62.2% | p = 0.665 | 0.02 |
Age b | 14.72 ± 1.62 | 14.51 ± 1.17 | p = 0.664 | 0.15 |
BMI b | 20.48 ± 3.51 | 19.92 ± 3.01 | p = 0.220 | 0.17 |
K-SADS-PL-C depression subscale b | 26.76 ± 2.43 | 7.42 ± 6.38 | p < 0.001 | 4.01 |
CDRS-R b | 73.50 ± 13.59 | 26.48 ± 8.29 | p < 0.001 | 4.18 |
BDI b | 30.72 ± 10.16 | 13.10 ± 8.39 | p < 0.001 | 1.89 |
CGI-S b | 5.42 ± 0.72 | 1.88 ± 0.90 | p < 0.001 | 4.35 |
Factors/Items | Item–Total Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha |
---|---|---|
Factor 1: Mood | 0.882 | |
Irritability | 0.783 ** | - |
Depressed feelings | 0.938 ** | - |
Excessive weeping | 0.760 ** | - |
Depressed affect | 0.870 ** | - |
Factor 2: Somatic | 0.891 | |
Sleep disturbance | 0.782 ** | - |
Appetite disturbance | 0.806 ** | - |
Excessive fatigue | 0.882 ** | - |
Physical complaints | 0.811 ** | - |
Listless speech | 0.777 ** | - |
Hypoactivity | 0.759 ** | - |
Factor 3: Subjective | 0.848 | |
Excessive guilt | 0.836 ** | - |
Low self-esteem | 0.821 ** | - |
Morbid ideation | 0.642 ** | - |
Suicidal ideation | 0.848 ** | - |
Factor 4: Behavior | 0.910 | |
Impaired schoolwork | 0.892 ** | - |
Difficulty having fun | 0.897 ** | - |
Social withdrawal | 0.816 ** | - |
Total Cronbach’s alpha | 0.966 |
CDRS-R | K-SADS-PL-C Depression Subscale | BDI | CGI-S | |
---|---|---|---|---|
CDRS-R | 1 | - | - | - |
K-SADS-PL-C depression subscale | 0.886 ** | 1 | - | - |
BDI | 0.871 ** | 0.789 ** | 1 | - |
CGI-S | 0.937 ** | 0.868 ** | 0.857 ** | 1 |
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Huang, Y.; Li, X.; Li, J.; Lei, T.; He, Y.; Wang, W.; Xu, X.; Li, Y.; Zhou, X. Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R). Healthcare 2025, 13, 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070734
Huang Y, Li X, Li J, Lei T, He Y, Wang W, Xu X, Li Y, Zhou X. Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R). Healthcare. 2025; 13(7):734. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070734
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Yajie, Xuemei Li, Jie Li, Tingting Lei, Yuqian He, Wenjing Wang, Xiaoxia Xu, Yao Li, and Xinyu Zhou. 2025. "Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R)" Healthcare 13, no. 7: 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070734
APA StyleHuang, Y., Li, X., Li, J., Lei, T., He, Y., Wang, W., Xu, X., Li, Y., & Zhou, X. (2025). Reliability and Validity of the Chinese Version of the Children’s Depression Rating Scale—Revised (CDRS-R). Healthcare, 13(7), 734. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13070734