Factors Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Treated for Miscarriage in the Emergency Department of a Peruvian National Hospital
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.2. Population and Sample
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
2.6. Ethical Considerations
2.7. Data Availability and Use of Generative AI
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Analysis of Results
3.2. Bivariate Analysis
3.3. Poisson Regression Model (Multivariate Analysis)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
PTSD | Post-traumatic stress disorder |
PCL-5 | PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 |
aPR | Adjusted prevalence ratio |
CI | Confidence interval |
SD | Standard deviation |
IQR | Interquartile range |
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Characteristics | Total n (%) |
---|---|
Age | 33.30 (±6.06) * |
Marital status | |
With partner | 115 (53.74) |
Without partner | 99 (46.26) |
Place of origin | |
Lima | 174 (81.31) |
Outside Lima | 40 (18.69) |
Occupation | |
Employed | 152 (71.03) |
Homemaker | 62 (28.97) |
Religion | |
Catholic | 159 (74.30) |
Other Christian denominations | 55 (25.70) |
Number of children | 1 (1–2) |
Number of children (categorized) | |
0–1 child | 109 (50.93) |
2–6 children | 105 (49.07) |
Family support | |
From relatives | 155 (72.43) |
From non-relatives | 39 (18.22) |
No support | 20 (9.35) |
Educational level | |
University | 62 (28.97) |
Technical | 78 (36.45) |
Secondary | 74 (34.58) |
Type of miscarriage | |
Complete miscarriage | 11 (5.14) |
Incomplete miscarriage | 154 (71.96) |
Missed miscarriage | 49 (22.90) |
Parity | |
Multiparous | 114 (53.27) |
Primiparous | 56 (26.17) |
Nulliparous | 44 (20.56) |
Previous abortions | |
No | 112 (52.34) |
Yes | 102 (47.66) |
Pre-gestational check-ups | |
None | 107 (50.00) |
One check-up | 68 (31.78) |
Two or more check-ups | 39 (18.22) |
Medical comorbidities | |
None | 81 (37.85) |
One | 101 (47.20) |
Two or more | 32 (14.95) |
PCL-5 total score | 33 (12–36) ** |
Probable PTSD | |
No | 101 (47.20) |
Yes | 113 (52.80) |
Characteristics | Probable PTSD | p Value | |
---|---|---|---|
No (n = 101) n% | Yes (n = 113) n% | ||
Age | 32.83 (6.07) | 33.73 (6.04) | 0.278 |
Marital status | 0.636 | ||
With partner | 56 (48.70) | 59 (51.30) | |
Without partner | 45 (45.45) | 54 (54.55) | |
Place of origin | 0.758 | ||
Lima | 83 (47.70) | 91 (52.30) | |
Outside Lima | 18 (45.00) | 22 (55.00) | |
Occupation | 0.325 | ||
Employed | 75 (49.34) | 77 (50.66) | |
Homemaker | 26 (41.94) | 36 (58.06) | |
Religion | 0.989 | ||
Catholic | 75 (47.17) | 84 (52.83) | |
Other Christian denominations | 26 (47.27) | 29 (52.73) | |
Number of children | 2 (1–2) | 1 (1–2) | 0.191 |
Number of children (categorized) | 0.692 | ||
0–1 child | 50 (45.87) | 59 (54.13) | |
2–6 children | 51 (48.57) | 54 (51.43) | |
Family support | 0.238 | ||
From relatives | 71 (45.81) | 84 (54.19) | |
From non-relatives | 17 (43.59) | 22 (56.41) | |
No support | 13 (65.00) | 7 (35.00) | |
Educational level | 0.115 | ||
University | 36 (58.06) | 26 (41.94) | |
Technical | 32 (41.03) | 46 (58.97) | |
Secondary | 33 (44.59) | 41 (55.41) | |
Type of miscarriage | 0.991 | ||
Complete miscarriage | 5 (45.45) | 6 (54.55) | |
Incomplete miscarriage | 73 (47.40) | 81 (52.60) | |
Missed miscarriage | 23 (46.94) | 26 (53.06) | |
Parity | 0.403 | ||
Multiparous | 55 (48.25) | 59 (51.75) | |
Primiparous | 29 (51.79) | 27 (48.21) | |
Nulliparous | 17 (38.64) | 27 (61.36) | |
Previous abortion | <0.001 | ||
No | 66 (58.93) | 46 (41.07) | |
Yes | 35 (34.31) | 67 (65.69) | |
Pre-gestational check-ups | 0.043 | ||
None | 59 (55.14) | 48 (44.86) | |
One check-up | 29 (42.65) | 39 (57.35) | |
Two or more check-ups | 13 (33.33) | 26 (66.67) | |
Medical comorbidities | 0.034 | ||
None | 47 (58.02) | 34 (41.98) | |
One | 43 (42.57) | 58 (57.43) | |
Two or more | 11 (34.38) | 21 (65.63) |
Characteristics | Crude Analysis | Adjusted Analysis * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PR | 95% CI | p Value | PR | 95% CI | p Value | ||
Previous abortions | |||||||
No | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Yes | 1.59 | 1.22–2.08 | <0.001 | 1.75 | 1.35–2.25 | <0.001 | |
Pre-gestational check-ups | |||||||
None | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
One check-up | 1.27 | 0.95–1.71 | 0.102 | 1.25 | 0.93–1.69 | 0.123 | |
Two or more check-ups | 1.48 | 1.09–2.01 | 0.011 | 1.66 | 1.21–2.27 | 0.002 | |
Medical comorbidities | |||||||
None | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
One | 1.36 | 1.00–1.85 | 0.045 | 1.36 | 1.00–1.84 | 0.048 | |
Two or more | 1.56 | 1.09–2.23 | 0.015 | 1.61 | 1.12–2.30 | 0.009 | |
Educational level | |||||||
University | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
Technical | 1.40 | 0.99–1.99 | 0.054 | 1.44 | 1.00–2.06 | 0.051 | |
Secondary | 1.32 | 0.92–1.88 | 0.127 | 1.33 | 0.90–1.98 | 0.149 | |
Number of children (categorized) | |||||||
0–1 child | Ref. | Ref. | |||||
2–6 children | 0.95 | 0.73–1.22 | 0.693 | 0.96 | 0.50–1.84 | 0.908 |
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Zafra-Pachas, S.L.L.; Arce-Huamani, M.A. Factors Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Treated for Miscarriage in the Emergency Department of a Peruvian National Hospital. Healthcare 2025, 13, 2121. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172121
Zafra-Pachas SLL, Arce-Huamani MA. Factors Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Treated for Miscarriage in the Emergency Department of a Peruvian National Hospital. Healthcare. 2025; 13(17):2121. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172121
Chicago/Turabian StyleZafra-Pachas, Sofia Laura L., and Miguel A. Arce-Huamani. 2025. "Factors Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Treated for Miscarriage in the Emergency Department of a Peruvian National Hospital" Healthcare 13, no. 17: 2121. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172121
APA StyleZafra-Pachas, S. L. L., & Arce-Huamani, M. A. (2025). Factors Associated with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Women Treated for Miscarriage in the Emergency Department of a Peruvian National Hospital. Healthcare, 13(17), 2121. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13172121