Knowledge and Risk Perception Regarding Keratinocyte Carcinoma in Lay People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Eligibility Criteria
- Sample: General population and subsamples thereof. Samples of participants with medical training (e.g., physicians, medical students, or nurses) or skin cancer patients were excluded.
- Phenomenon of Interest: Knowledge about, risk perception, or attitudes towards KC. This also includes awareness, familiarity, or beliefs. Studies focusing only on UV-related knowledge or UV behavioral assessment were excluded.
- Design: Cross-sectional surveys, cohort studies, baseline data of intervention studies.
- Evaluation: Items had to be sufficiently described to ascertain they were distinctly assessing the phenomenon of interest (i.e., no items referring to skin cancer in general or summary scores including other outcomes).
- Research Type: Quantitative, peer-reviewed studies. Qualitative studies, conference abstracts, dissertations, case reports, commentaries, editorials or reviews were excluded.
2.2. Search Strategy
2.3. Data Extraction
2.4. Risk of Bias (ROB) Assessment
2.5. Data Synthesis
3. Results
3.1. Awareness of Terms for KC
3.2. Identification of KC as a Type of Skin Cancer
3.3. Knowledge Regarding the Prevalence of KC
3.4. Specific Knowledge Regarding KC
3.5. Concern About Developing KC
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
KC | Keratinocyte carcinoma |
BCC | Basal cell carcinoma |
SCC | Squamous cell carcinoma |
UV | Ultraviolet |
ROB | Risk of Bias |
CI | Confidence interval |
MM | Malignant melanoma |
NMSC | Nonmelanoma skin cancer |
k | Number of studies included in the analyses |
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Publication | Country | Assessment Date | Population | Method of Recruitment and Information Assessment | Sample Size (% Female) | Age (Years) | ROB |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Katz, Jernigan (1991) [48] | USA | n.r. ** | Undergraduate college students | Sample of college students from various undergraduate classes at a small private liberal arts college (unclear whether full census, convenience or random sample); self-administered questionnaire | 251 (n.r.) | Range: 16–35 | High |
MacKie (2004) [30] | UK, France, Italy, Germany, Spain | n.r. * | General population | Selected randomly from telephone directories, in-house databases and random dialing; 10 min structured telephone interview | 1500 (40%) | Range: 40–70 | Unclear |
Halpern, Kopp (2005) [49] | UK, France, Italy, Germany, Spain, USA, Australia | n.r. * | General population | Selected randomly from telephone directories, in-house databases and random dialing (market research survey); 10 min structured telephone interview | 2100 (40%) | Range: 40–70 | Unclear |
Ashinoff et al. (2009) [50] | USA | n.r. * | High school students in grades 9 through 12 | Voluntary, anonymous survey administered to more than 450 high school students in two schools; self-administered questionnaire | 368 (‘roughly 50%’) | Mean: 16 Range: 14–18 | Unclear |
Spradlin et al. (2010) [51] | USA | n.r. * | Undergraduate students at a mid-sized southern university | Participants obtained through lecture hall classes across campus; self-administered questionnaire | 492 (51.4%) | Range: 18–24 | Unclear |
Suppa et al. (2013) [52] | Italy | n.r. * | Students from 11 secondary schools | Randomly selected throughout the Abruzzo region in Central Italy; self-administered questionnaire | 1204 (51.7%) | Median: 17; Range: 14–21 <18: n = 748 (62.1%) ≥18: n = 456 (37.9%) | Unclear |
Hobbs et al. (2014) [53] | USA | n.r. * | Athletes from the Southern University in the USA | Convenience sample; self-administered questionnaire | 343 (45.2%) | 18: 10.4%; 19: 28%; 20: 22.3%; 21: 17.8%; 22: 16.9%; 23: 3.2%; 24: 0.3% | High |
Anders et al. (2015) [54] | Germany | April/May 2003 ** | General population | Households contacted by phone by applying a random digit dialing algorithm; computer-assisted telephone interviews | 600 (55.0%) | Mean: 49.7 ± 17.06; 20–29: n = 79 (13.2%) 30–39: n = 122 (20.4%) 40–49: n = 108 (18.0%) 50–59: n = 90 (15.0%) 60–69: n = 103 (17.1%) ≥70: n = 98 (16.3%) | Low |
Pollock (2015) [44] | Australia | December 2012–February 2013 * | Patients from two medical practices in the Northern Rivers region | Participants recruited through information posters placed in the waiting rooms; self-administered questionnaire | 91 (57.14% ***) | 18–20: n = 10 21–24: n = 7 25–34: n = 13 35–44: n = 6 45–54: n = 17 ≥55: n = 38 | High |
Duarte et al. (2018) [29] | Spain and Portugal | November 2014–September 2015 * | Outdoor runners | All athletes registered for four consecutive races; self-administered online questionnaire | 2445 (20%) | <25: n = 123 25–44: n = 1610 ≥45: n = 413 | High |
Basyouni et al. (2020) [55] | Saudi Arabia | 2018 * | Residents of Jeddah (General population) | General population of Jeddah in multiple locations and different districts of the city (no further details); interviews and self-administered questionnaire | 2443 (68.2%) | 18–34: 73.6% 35–49: 16.1% ≥50: 10.4% | Unclear |
Garcia et al. (2020) [56] | USA | n.r. ** | Primary Spanish-speaking patients at a family medicine clinic | Convenience sample; self-administered questionnaire | 37 (70%) | Mean: 50.92 ± 10.68 | High |
Joseph et al. (2020) [57] | USA | n.r. * | Homeless men | Convenience sample in a 335-bed, male only, homeless shelter; either self-administered or researcher-administered questionnaire, depending on the participant’s preference or ability to complete the survey | 75 (0%) | 18–44: n = 34 (45%) ≥45: n = 41 (55%) | High |
Sideris, Thomas (2020) [45] | Australia | October 2015 * | Patients of a medical practice | Distribution of a voluntary paper-based questionnaire to all patients aged 18+; self-administered questionnaire | 179 (62.57%***) | Range: 18–89 18–30: 15.64% 31–45: 23.46% 46–60: 29.05% 61–75: 20.11% >75: 10.61% Missing: 1.12% | High |
Kyprianou et al. (2022) [58] | Cyprus | October 2015–April 2016 * | Cypriot residents | Participants recruited in public areas based on proportional quota sampling (no further details); either interviews or self-administered questionnaire | 600 (53.0%) | 18–24: n = 85 (14.0%) 25–29: n = 78 (13.0%) 30–34: n = 59 (10.0%) 35–39: n = 67 (11.0%) 40–44: n = 49 (8.0%) 45–49: n = 51 (9.0%) 50–54: n = 56 (9.0%) 55–59: n = 36 (6.0%) ≥60: n = 118 (20.0%) | High |
Brokmeier et al. (2024) [46] | Germany | October–December 2022 * | General population | Participants selected using a two-stage random sampling procedure; standardized computer-assisted telephone interviews | 4000 (49.3%) | Range: 16–65 Mean: 42.43 ± 14.02 | Low |
Diehl et al. (2024) [47] | Germany | October–December 2022 * | Former/current outdoor workers | Participants selected using a two-stage random sampling procedure; standardized computer-assisted telephone interviews | 905 (36.2%) | 16–25: n = 196 (21.7%) 26–35: n = 250 (27.7%) 36–45: n = 174 (19.2%) 46–55: n = 144 (15.9%) 56–65: n = 140 (15.5%) | Unclear |
Publication | Awareness of the Term | N Analyzed | n (%) Aware | Further Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
MacKie (2004) [30] | BCC | 1500 | 22% | |
Halpern, Kopp (2005) [49] | BCC | 2100 | 30% | |
Ashinoff et al. (2009) [50] | BCC | 368 | 15.25% * | ‘…almost 85 percent were not familiar with a basal cell carcinoma’ |
Anders et al. (2015) [54] | At least one of four terms referring to SCC ** | 600 | 194 (32.7%) | ‘Women knew more often all terms for skin cancer compared with men (p < 0.002)’ |
‘Basaliom’ | 600 | 76 (12.8%) | ||
BCC | 600 | 95 (15.9%) | ||
Basyouni et al. (2020) [55] | BCC | 2443 | 239 (9.8%) | |
Brokmeier et al. (2024) [46] | ‘white skin cancer’ *** | 4000 | 72.8% | women: 78.2%, men: 67.5%, p < 0.001 |
‘light skin cancer’ *** | 4000 | 60.9% | women: 64.3%, men: 57.5%, p < 0.001 | |
BCC | 4000 | 30.7% | women: 37.9%, men: 23.7%, p < 0.001 | |
SCC | 4000 | 22.6% | women: 26.9%, men: 18.4%, p < 0.001 | |
Diehl et al. (2024) [47] | ‘white skin cancer’ *** | 905 | 71.0% | |
‘light skin cancer’ *** | 905 | 61.9% | ||
BCC | 905 | 29.5% | ||
SCC | 905 | 23.0% |
Publication | Identified as a Type of Skin Cancer | N Analyzed | n (%) Correct | Further Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
Katz, Jernigan (1991) [48] | Which of the following is not a major form of skin cancer? (BCC, SCC, MM, adenoid cell carcinoma) | 251 | 62% | |
Suppa et al. (2013) [52] | BCC | 1204 | 191 (15.9%) | |
Pollock (2015) [44] | BCC | 91 | 81 (89.01%) * | women: 88%; men: 90% |
SCC | 91 | 56 (61.54%) * | women: 71%; men: 50% | |
Duarte et al. (2018) [29] | BCC | 2159 | 37% | |
SCC | 2159 | 27% | ||
Sideris, Thomas (2020) [45] | BCC | 179 | 30.7% | |
SCC | 179 | 20.7% | ||
Kyprianou et al. (2022) [58] | BCC | 596 | 23 (3.86%) * | |
SCC | 596 | 49 (8.22%) * |
Publication | Item | N Analyzed | n (%) Correct | Further Details |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spradlin et al. (2010) [51] | The most common form of skin cancer is? | 492 | 5.3% | correct answer: BCC |
Hobbs et al. (2014) [53] | The most common form of skin cancer is? | 343 | 5.2% | correct answer: BCC |
Joseph et al. (2020) [57] | What is the most common form of skin cancer? | 75 | 16% | correct answer: BCC |
Brokmeier et al. (2024) [46] | Estimated prevalence of NMSC compared to MM | 3953 | 1081 (27.4%) | correct answer: More prevalent Less prevalent: n = 797 (20.2%); Equally prevalent: n = 971 (24.6%); I do not know: n = 1103 (27.9%) |
Publication | Item | N Analyzed | n (%) Correct | Further Details | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Katz, Jernigan (1991) [48] | Which of the following is not a sign of basal cell carcinoma: (a) an open sore that is slow to heal (b) a shiny bump or nodule on the skin, usually the face (c) a reddish patch or irritated area that does not go away (d) a black mole with hair growing in it | 251 | 59% * | Incorrect answers (d) in total: 41% | |
Basal cell carcinomas: (a) are rarely found in Caucasians (b) tend to metastasize quickly (c) are the most common and least serious of the skin cancers (d) can be fatal if not treated promptly | 251 | 48% * | Incorrect answers (a,b,d) in total: 52% | ||
Squamous cell carcinomas: (a) can metastasize and cause death (b) are almost always benign (c) tend to occur more frequently in dark-skinned persons (d) usually begin in a mole | 251 | 14%* | Incorrect answers (b,c,d) in total: 86% | ||
Garcia et al. (2020) [56] | Correct identification of pictures of lesions as malignant ‘cancer’ or benign ‘not cancer’ | BCC (Picture A) ** | 37 | 49% | |
BCC (Picture B) ** | 37 | 43% | |||
SCC (Picture A) ** | 37 | 73% | |||
SCC (Picture B) ** | 37 | 67% | |||
Brokmeier et al. (2024) [46] | What do you think are signs of NMSC? | Reddish, rough, scaly skin spots | 3968 | 72.8% | |
Bleeding or poorly healing skin spots | 3970 | 60.9% | |||
Alterations in nevi | 3970 | 30.7% | answering ‘no’ was correct | ||
Light or white spots on the skin | 3967 | 22.6% | answering ‘no’ was correct | ||
What do you believe contributes to the development of NMSC? | Sunbathing | 3978 | 78.7% | ||
UV radiation during outdoor occupation | 3973 | 77.1% | |||
Using tanning beds | 3977 | 73.0% | |||
Weakened immune system | 3978 | 57.9% | |||
What do you reckon are possible consequences of white skin cancer ***? | Surgery | 3967 | 55.5% | ||
Metastatic spread | 3954 | 42.2% | |||
Radiation therapy or chemotherapy | 3967 | 45.4% | |||
Recurrence of NMSC | 3954 | 56.3% | |||
NMSC can progress to MM | 3959 | 14.7% | answering ‘no’ was correct | ||
Estimated severity of NMSC compared to MM | 3963 | 1148 (29.0%) | correct answer: Less severe; Equally severe 1483 (37.4%) More severe 492 (12.4%) I do not know 839 (21.2%) | ||
Diehl et al. (2024) [47] | What do you think are signs of NMSC? | Reddish, rough, scaly skin spots | 905 | 40.7% | |
Bleeding or poorly healing skin spots | 905 | 41.7% | |||
Alterations in nevi | 905 | 23.2% | answering ‘no’ was correct | ||
Light or white spots on the skin | 905 | 18.0% | answering ‘no’ was correct | ||
Sunlight can contribute to the development of ‘white skin cancer’ *** in people who work outdoors. | 905 | 71.4% |
Publication | Item | N analyzed | Results |
---|---|---|---|
Brokmeier et al. (2024) [46] | Concern about NMSC | 3939 | Yes: n = 986 (25.0%); No: n = 1482 (37.6%); I have never thought about it: n = 1471 (37.3%) |
Diehl et al. (2024) [47] | Concern about NMSC | 905 | Yes: 30.0%; No: 38.0%; I have never thought about it: 32.0% |
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Brokmeier, L.L.; Ilic, L.; Haas, S.; Uter, W.; Heppt, M.V.; Gefeller, O.; Kaiser, I. Knowledge and Risk Perception Regarding Keratinocyte Carcinoma in Lay People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare 2025, 13, 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151912
Brokmeier LL, Ilic L, Haas S, Uter W, Heppt MV, Gefeller O, Kaiser I. Knowledge and Risk Perception Regarding Keratinocyte Carcinoma in Lay People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare. 2025; 13(15):1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151912
Chicago/Turabian StyleBrokmeier, Luisa Leonie, Laura Ilic, Sophia Haas, Wolfgang Uter, Markus Vincent Heppt, Olaf Gefeller, and Isabelle Kaiser. 2025. "Knowledge and Risk Perception Regarding Keratinocyte Carcinoma in Lay People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis" Healthcare 13, no. 15: 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151912
APA StyleBrokmeier, L. L., Ilic, L., Haas, S., Uter, W., Heppt, M. V., Gefeller, O., & Kaiser, I. (2025). Knowledge and Risk Perception Regarding Keratinocyte Carcinoma in Lay People: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Healthcare, 13(15), 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13151912