Depression Accompanied by Hopelessness Is Associated with More Negative Future Thinking
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Materials
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Groups
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Self-Report Scale Data
3.2. Group Differences in EFT between Depression and Non-Depression
3.3. Group Differences in EFT between the Four Groups
4. Discussion
Limitation and Future Research
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | HD (n = 14) | LH-D (n = 15) | H-ND (n = 20) | LH-ND (n = 17) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (y), mean (SD) | 19.7 (0.8) | 20.1 (1.2) | 19.8 (1.4) | 20.2 (1.6) |
range | 18–23 | 19–21 | 18–23 | 19–23 |
Gender, n (%) male | 8 (57.1) | 6 (40.0) | 9 (45.0) | 9 (53.0) |
Verbal fluency total score, mean (SD) | 70.9 (8.6) | 66.4 (7.8) | 64.6 (7.6) | 63.8 (7.7) |
BDI-II score, mean (SD) | 19.5 (4.4) | 17.1 (2.8) | 10.0 (3.1) | 7.4 (3.1) |
BHS score, mean (SD) | 11.8 (1.7) | 7.6 (1.4) | 8.2 (0.9) | 5.4 (0.7) |
Comparison | Adjusted p-Value |
---|---|
Positive | |
H-ND vs. HD | 0.007 |
H-ND vs. LH-D | 0.011 |
LH-ND vs. HD | 0.019 |
LH-ND vs. LH-D | 0.025 |
Negative | |
H-ND vs. HD | 0.021 |
LH-ND vs. HD | 0.023 |
HD vs. LH-D | 0.012 |
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Han, H.; Midorikawa, A. Depression Accompanied by Hopelessness Is Associated with More Negative Future Thinking. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121208
Han H, Midorikawa A. Depression Accompanied by Hopelessness Is Associated with More Negative Future Thinking. Healthcare. 2024; 12(12):1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121208
Chicago/Turabian StyleHan, Hailong, and Akira Midorikawa. 2024. "Depression Accompanied by Hopelessness Is Associated with More Negative Future Thinking" Healthcare 12, no. 12: 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121208
APA StyleHan, H., & Midorikawa, A. (2024). Depression Accompanied by Hopelessness Is Associated with More Negative Future Thinking. Healthcare, 12(12), 1208. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12121208