Diagnostic Yield of Neuroimaging for Headache in a Pediatric Emergency Department: A Single Tertiary Centre Experience

Objectives: This study aimed to examine headache neuroimaging findings among the pediatric population visiting the emergency department in Saudi Arabia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional retrospective study of pediatric patients who presented to the emergency department with a headache as their primary complaint. Data were extracted from the electronic medical files of the patients at King Abdullah Specialized Children Hospital (KASCH) between 2015 and 2020. The diagnosis of headache was confirmed using a computerized tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) upon the patients’ presentation. Results: A total of 263 patients met the inclusion criteria, and their data were extracted. The CT scans were abnormal in 50% of the patients. The MRI showed abnormal findings for 26% of the patients. CT scans and MRI identified that abnormalities were predominantly among patients with the secondary type of headache. The most common abnormal findings on CT were sinusitis (16%), masses (7%), and hydrocephalus (7%). The most common abnormal findings on MRI were masses (8%), cysts (5%), and hydrocephalus (3%). Of all patients with headaches, 10% had a prior diagnosis of headache, and 12% had a family history of headache. A significantly higher percentage of patients with secondary headache were prescribed NSAID and required admission compared to patients with primary headache (p ≤ 0.05). There was no statistically significant differences in the proportion of patients diagnosed with primary and secondary headache in terms of their neurological examination and headache types (p = 0.43). Conclusions: Neuroimaging is essential for diagnosing headaches in children. Headaches were associated with sinusitis in children. The secondary type was more likely to have abnormal CT and MRI results. Primary type headaches were more common in those with a family history. CT scans and MRIs are needed when a headache is accompanied by an abnormal clinical evaluation. Neuroimaging and mild CT usage may be explored if there are clinical abnormalities or family history.