Influence of Mindfulness on Levels of Impulsiveness, Moods and Pre-Competition Anxiety in Athletes of Different Sports
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Instruments
- Impulsivity. The Spanish adaptation of Oquendo et al. [48] of the Barratt Impulsivity Scale (BIS-11) [49,50] was applied. This questionnaire is composed of 30 items that are grouped into 3 subscales of impulsivity: (i) Cognitive impulsivity (8 items): tendency to make quick decisions; (ii) motor impulsivity (10 items): propensity to act solely on the stimulus of the moment, without thinking about the consequences; and (iii) impulsivity due to lack of planning (12 items): indicates the lack of planning of future actions. Each item consists of 4 Likert-type response options (never or almost never, sometimes, quite often, and always or almost always). The internal consistency of the different scales, obtained using Cronbach’s alpha coefficient, showed values of 0.78 for the cognitive impulsivity subscale, 0.75 for motor impulsivity, and 0.66 for impulsivity due to non-planning.
- Mood. The original reduced version of the Profile of Mood States (POMS) [51], validated in Spanish by Fuentes et al. [52], was used. The abbreviated form of the Profile of Mood States consists of a list of 29 adjectives assessing five mood states: tension (6 items), depression (6 items), anger (6 items), vigour (6 items), and fatigue (5 items). The items are rated on a five-point Likert-type scale, from 0 = not at all; 1 = a little; 2 = moderately; 3 = quite a lot; to 4 = very much. The extent to which each of the moods described in each adjective has been experienced during the last week, including the day on which the questionnaire is answered, is assessed. Cronbach’s alpha values for the reduced versions showed the following scores: tension (0.64), depression (0.69), anger (0.61), vigour (0.72), and fatigue (0.66).
- Competitive anxiety. The Spanish version of the Competitive Anxiety Inventory CSAI-2R by Andrade et al. [53] was administered in athletes. It consists of 18 items distributed in 3 dimensions: (i) somatic anxiety (8 items), which represents the perception of bodily indicators of anxiety, such as muscle tension, increased heart rate, sweating, and stomach discomfort; (ii) cognitive anxiety (5 items), which encompasses the negative feelings that the subject has about their performance and the consequences of the possible outcome; and (iii) self-confidence (5 items), which refers to the degree of confidence that the athlete believes they have about their chances of success. A Likert-type response format of four alternatives from 1 “not at all” to 4 “very much” was used. Internal reliability showed adequate consistency with Cronbach’s alphas of 0.91 for the somatic anxiety dimension, 0.71 for the cognitive anxiety dimension, and 0.65 for the self-confidence dimension.
2.3. Design and Procedure
2.4. Intervention Programme
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Data
3.2. Intra-Group Comparison (T1–T2)
3.3. Inter-Group Comparisons
3.4. Multiple Linear Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Scales Subscales | Intervention Group | Control Group | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) T1 | Mean (SD) T2 | t | p | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | Mean (SD) T1 | Mean (SD) T2 | t | p | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | |
BIS-11 | ||||||||||
Cognitive Impulsivity | 20.62 (3.88) | 17.62 (2.13) | 5.86 | <0.001 | 1.81 | 21 (3.18) | 21.35 (3.13) | −0.41 | 0.687 | _____ |
Motor Impulsivity | 20.76 (3.66) | 18 (2.12) | 6.50 | <0.001 | 2.0 | 21.1 (3.48) | 21.75 (3.67) | −0.49 | 0.631 | _____ |
Unplanned Impulsivity | 21.76 (3.63) | 19.43 (2.6) | 4.72 | <0.001 | 1.46 | 23.45 (3.3) | 23.95 (2.84) | −0.52 | 0.609 | _____ |
POMS | ||||||||||
Tension | 15.86 (2.31) | 12.86 (2.48) | 9.49 | <0.001 | 2.93 | 16.15 (2.03) | 15.95 (1.99) | 0.37 | 0.718 | _____ |
Depression | 12.62 (2.66) | 10.14 (1.82) | 7.55 | <0.001 | 2.33 | 12.15 (1.95) | 12.85 (1.98) | −1.61 | 0.125 | _____ |
Anger | 10.43 (1.63) | 8.19 (1.17) | 6.93 | <0.001 | 2.14 | 11.1 (1.52) | 11.7 (1.66) | −2.04 | 0.055 | _____ |
Vigour | 18.95 (1.16) | 19.1 (0.94) | −0.47 | 0642 | _____ | 18.6 (1.18) | 18.85 (1.27) | −0.61 | 0.549 | _____ |
Fatigue | 8.95 (1.24) | 8.38 (1.07) | 1.39 | 0180 | _____ | 8.45 (1.36) | 8.7 (1.08)) | −0.68 | 0.506 | _____ |
CSAI-2R | ||||||||||
Somatic Anxiety | 21.1 (2.84) | 17.48 (2.91) | 9.83 | <0.001 | 3.03 | 21.95 (3.93) | 22.7 (3.42) | −2.52 | 0.021 | 0.80 |
Cognitive Anxiety | 14.1 (1.92) | 11.1 (1.61) | 12.55 | <0.001 | 3.87 | 14.00 (1.41) | 14.55 (1.73) | −2.15 | 0.045 | 0.68 |
Self Confidence | 14.1 (1.3) | 14.81 (1.17) | −3.1 | 0.006 | 0.96 | 14.9 (1.83) | 14.65 (1.88) | 1.23 | 0.234 | _____ |
Scale | Subscales | t | df | Effect Size (Cohen’s d) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive Impulsivity T2 | −4.48 | 39 | 1.40 | <0.001 | |
Motor Impulsivity T2 | −4.03 | 39 | 1.2 | <0.001 | |
Unplanned Impulsivity T2 | −5.32 | 39 | 1.66 | <0.001 | |
Tension T2 | −4.4 | 39 | 1.37 | <0.001 | |
Depression T2 | −4.56 | 39 | 1.42 | <0.001 | |
Anger T2 | −7.8 | 33.98 | 2.47 | <0.001 | |
Vigour T2 | 0.71 | 39 | _____ | 0485 | |
Fatigue T2 | −0.95 | 39 | _____ | 0348 | |
Somatic Anxiety T2 | −5.28 | 39 | 1.65 | <0.001 | |
Cognitive Anxiety T2 | −6.62 | 39 | 2.07 | <0.001 | |
Self-confidence T2 | 0.33 | 31.57 | _____ | 0.747 |
Variables | β | SE | Standard β | t | p | 95.0% Confidence Interval for β | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower Limit | Upper Limit | ||||||
Group | −0.801 | 0.307 | −0.264 | −2.612 | 0.013 | −1.422 | −0.179 |
Gender | −0.353 | 0.318 | −0.111 | −1.113 | 0.273 | −0.998 | 0.291 |
Type of Sport | −0.002 | 0.079 | −0.003 | −0.028 | 0.978 | −0.163 | 0.159 |
Self-confidence T1 | 0.805 | 0.102 | 0.847 | 7.865 | 0.000 | 0.597 | 1.012 |
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Sánchez-Sánchez, L.C.; Franco, C.; Amutio, A.; García-Silva, J.; González-Hernández, J. Influence of Mindfulness on Levels of Impulsiveness, Moods and Pre-Competition Anxiety in Athletes of Different Sports. Healthcare 2023, 11, 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060898
Sánchez-Sánchez LC, Franco C, Amutio A, García-Silva J, González-Hernández J. Influence of Mindfulness on Levels of Impulsiveness, Moods and Pre-Competition Anxiety in Athletes of Different Sports. Healthcare. 2023; 11(6):898. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060898
Chicago/Turabian StyleSánchez-Sánchez, Laura C., Clemente Franco, Alberto Amutio, Jaqueline García-Silva, and Juan González-Hernández. 2023. "Influence of Mindfulness on Levels of Impulsiveness, Moods and Pre-Competition Anxiety in Athletes of Different Sports" Healthcare 11, no. 6: 898. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060898