Vaccine Hesitancy among Medical Students at a Tertiary Hospital—Affiliated Medical School
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Setting and Participants
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Statistical Analyses
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. COVID-19 Psychological Antecedents
3.3. Bivariate Analyses
3.4. Multivariate Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Term | Definition |
---|---|
Confidence | “Trust in (i) the effectiveness and safety of vaccines, (ii) the system that delivers them, including the reliability and competence of the health services and health professionals, and (iii) the motivations of policy-makers who decide on the need of vaccines.” [25] |
Complacency | “Complacency exists where perceived risks of vaccine-preventable diseases are low and vaccination is not deemed a necessary preventive action.” [25] |
Constraints | “Constraints can manifest in limited physical availability, affordability and willingness-to-pay, geographical accessibility, ability to understand (language and health literacy) and appeal of immunization service.” [25] |
Calculation | “Individuals’ engagement in extensive information searching.” [26] |
Collective responsibility | “Willingness to protect others by one’s own vaccination by means of herd immunity.” [26] |
Variable | n | % | |
---|---|---|---|
(n = 266) | |||
Sex | Female | 120 | 45.1 |
Male | 146 | 54.9 | |
Academic year | 1st | 82 | 30.8 |
2nd | 33 | 12.4 | |
3rd | 95 | 35.7 | |
4th | 27 | 10.2 | |
5th | 29 | 10.9 | |
Age (mean ± SD) | 21.3 ± 1.7 | ||
Social status | Single | 263 | 98.9 |
Married | 3 | 1.1 | |
Chronic illness(es) | 25 | 9.4 | |
Annual receipt of the influenza vaccine | 97 | 36.5 | |
Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 1 | 89 | 33.5 | |
Family member with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection | 200 | 75.2 | |
Family member or friend passed away due to COVID-19 2 | 76 | 28.6 | |
Aware of the availability of multiple COVID-19 vaccines | 264 | 99.3 | |
Vaccinated against COVID-19 | 266 | 100 | |
Perceived best vaccine | |||
Pfizer-BioNTech Oxford-AstraZeneca Moderna Sinopharm | 232 | 87.2 | |
23 | 8.7 | ||
7 | 2.6 | ||
4 | 1.5 | ||
Knew of a family member or friend who had been infected with COVID-19 after receiving vaccination | 224 | 84.2 | |
Read precautions provided by the local authorities related to COVID-19 vaccination | 106 | 39.9 | |
Searched for information related to COVID-19 vaccination online | 172 | 64.7 | |
Free COVID-19 vaccine as an influential factor in receiving it | 168 | 63.2 |
Variable | Confidence | ||
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | p-Value | ||
Yes | No | ||
Sex | |||
Female | 92 (76.7) | 28 (23.3) | 0.265 |
Male | 120 (82.2) | 26 (17.8) | |
Academic Year | |||
2nd year | 54 (65.9) | 28 (34.2) | <0.001 1 |
3rd year | 31 (93.9) | 2 (6.1) | |
4th year | 84 (88.4) | 11 (11.6) | |
5th year | 22 (81.5) | 5 (18.5) | |
6th year | 21 (72.4) | 8 (27.6) | |
Chronic illness(es) | 20 (80.0) | 5 (20.0) | 0.969 |
Annual receipt of influenza vaccine | 79 (81.4) | 18 (18.6) | 0.592 |
Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 * | 65 (73.0) | 24 (27.0) | 0.021 1 |
Family member with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection | 154 (77.0) | 46 (23.0) | 0.161 |
Family member or friend passed away due to COVID-19 ** | 58 (76.3) | 18 (23.7) | 0.057 |
Perceived Best COVID-19 Vaccine | |||
Pfizer-BioNTech | 187 (80.6) | 45 (19.4) | 0.202 2 |
Oxford-AstraZeneca | 19 (82.6) | 4 (17.4) | |
Moderna | 4 (57.1) | 3 (42.9) | |
Sinopharm | 2 (50.0) | 2 (50.0) | |
Knew a family member or friend who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 after receiving vaccination | 174 (77.7) | 50 (22.3) | 0.059 2 |
Read precautions provided by the local authorities for COVID-19 vaccination | 88 (83.0) | 18 (17.0) | 0.273 |
Searched for information related to COVID-19 vaccination online | 140 (81.4) | 32 (18.6) | 0.352 |
Free COVID-19 vaccine as an influential factor in receiving it | 141 (83.9) | 27 (16.1) | 0.025 1 |
Variable | Complacency | ||
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | p-Value | ||
Yes | No | ||
Sex | |||
Female | 16 (13.3) | 104 (86.7) | 0.554 |
Male | 16 (11) | 130 (89) | |
Academic Year | |||
2nd year | 11 (13.4) | 71 (86.6) | 0.919 2 |
3rd year | 5 (15.2) | 28 (84.8) | |
4th year | 11 (11.6) | 84 (88.4) | |
5th year | 2 (7.41) | 25 (92.6) | |
6th year | 3 (10.4) | 26 (89.7) | |
Chronic illness(es) | 4 (16.0) | 21 (84.0) | 0.518 2 |
Annual receipt of influenza vaccine | 9 (9.3) | 88 (90.7) | 0.296 |
Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 * | 14 (15.7) | 75 (84.3) | 0.404 |
Family member with previous SARS-CoV-2 * infection | 22 (11.0) | 178 (89.0) | 0.001 1 |
Family member or friend passed away due to COVID-19 ** | 11 (14.5) | 65 (85.5) | 0.047 1 |
Perceived Best COVID-19 Vaccine | |||
Pfizer-BioNTech | 25 (10.8) | 207 (89.2) | 0.052 2 |
Oxford-AstraZeneca | 3 (13.0) | 20 (87.0) | |
Moderna | 3 (42.9) | 4 (57.1) | |
Sinopharm | 1 (25.0) | 3 (75.0) | |
Knew a family member or friend who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 * after receiving vaccination | 30 (13.4) | 194 (86.6) | 0.192 2 |
Read precautions provided by the local authorities for COVID-19 ** vaccination | 14 (13.2) | 92 (86.8) | 0.631 |
Searched for information related to COVID-19 ** vaccination online | 21 (12.2) | 151 (87.8) | 0.903 |
Free COVID-19 ** vaccine as an influential factor in receiving it | 19 (11.3) | 149 (88.7) | 0.636 |
Variable | Constraints | ||
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | p-Value | ||
Yes | No | ||
Sex | |||
Female | 7 (5.8) | 113 (94.2) | 0.003 1,2 |
Male | 0 (0) | 146 (100.0) | |
Academic Year | |||
2nd year | 2 (2.4) | 80 (97.6) | 0.821 2 |
3rd year | 1 (3.0) | 32 (97.0) | |
4th year | 4 (4.2) | 91 (95.8) | |
5th year | 0 (0.0) | 27 (100.0) | |
6th year | 0 (0.0) | 29 (100.0) | |
Chronic illness(es) | 1 (4.0) | 24 (96.0) | 0.503 2 |
Annual receipt of influenza vaccine | 3 (3.1) | 94 (96.9) | 0.708 2 |
Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 * | 7 (7.9) | 82 (92.1) | 0.001 1,2 |
Family member with previous SARS-CoV-2 * infection | 7 (3.5) | 193 (96.5) | 0.467 2 |
Family member or friend passed away due to COVID-19 ** | 6 (7.9) | 70 (92.1) | 0.007 1,2 |
Perceived Best COVID-19 Vaccine | |||
Pfizer-BioNTech | 6 (2.6) | 226 (97.4) | 0.621 2 |
Oxford-AstraZeneca | 1 (4.4) | 22 (95.6) | |
Moderna | 0 (0.0) | 7 (100.0) | |
Sinopharm | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | |
Knew a family member or friend who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 *after receiving vaccination | 7 (3.1) | 217 (96.9) | 0.601 2 |
Read precautions provided by the local authorities for COVID-19 ** vaccination | 6 (5.7) | 100 (94.3) | 0.017 1,2 |
Searched for information related to COVID-19 ** vaccination online | 7 (4.1) | 165 (95.9) | 0.053 2 |
Free COVID-19 ** vaccine as an influential factor in receiving it | 5 (3.0) | 163 (97.0) | 1.00 2 |
Variable | Calculation | ||
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | p-Value | ||
Yes | No | ||
Sex | |||
Female | 43 (35.8) | 77 (64.2) | 0.515 |
Male | 58 (39.7) | 88 (60.3) | |
Academic Year | |||
2nd year | 29 (35.4) | 53 (64.6) | 0.280 |
3rd year | 8 (24.2) | 25 (75.8) | |
4th year | 43 (45.3) | 52 (54.7) | |
5th year | 10 (37.0) | 17 (63.0) | |
6th year | 11 (37.9) | 18 (62.1) | |
Chronic illness(es) | 8 (32.0) | 17 (68.0) | 0.518 |
Annual receipt of influenza vaccine | 35 (36.1) | 62 (63.9) | 0.631 |
Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 * | 25 (28.1) | 64 (71.9) | 0.022 1 |
Family member with previous SARS-CoV-2 * infection | 67 (33.5) | 133 (66.5) | 0.024 1,2 |
Family member or friend passed away due to COVID-19 ** | 34 (44.7) | 42 (55.3) | 0.294 2 |
Perceived Best COVID-19 Vaccine | |||
Pfizer-BioNTech | 82 (35.3) | 150 (64.7) | 0.003 1,2 |
Oxford-AstraZeneca | 13 (56.5) | 10 (43.5) | |
Moderna | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | |
Sinopharm | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | |
Knew a family member or friend who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 *after receiving vaccination | 82 (36.6) | 142 (63.4) | 0.290 |
Read precautions provided by the local authorities for COVID-19 ** vaccination | 54 (50.9) | 52 (49.1) | <0.001 1 |
Searched for information related to COVID-19 ** vaccination online | 80 (46.5) | 92 (53.5) | <0.001 1 |
Free COVID-19 ** vaccine as an influential factor in receiving it | 58 (34.5) | 110 (65.5) | 0.129 |
Variable | Collective Responsibility | ||
---|---|---|---|
n (%) | p-Value | ||
Yes | No | ||
Sex | |||
Female | 12 (10) | 108 (90) | 0.051 |
Male | 27 (18.5) | 119 (81.5) | |
Academic Year | |||
2nd year | 15 (18.3) | 67 (81.7) | 0.683 2 |
3rd year | 5 (15.2) | 28 (84.8) | |
4th year | 14 (14.7) | 81 (85.3) | |
5th year | 3 (11.1) | 24 (88.9) | |
6th year | 2 (6.9) | 27 (93.1) | |
Chronic illness(es) | 3 (12.0) | 22 (88.0) | 0.693 |
Annual receipt of influenza vaccine | 10 (10.3) | 87 (89.7) | 0.128 |
Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 * | 14 (15.7) | 75 (84.3) | 0.199 |
Family member with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection | 30 (15.0) | 170 (85.0) | 0.480 |
Family member or friend passed away due to COVID-19 ** | 16 (21.1) | 60 (78.9) | 0.108 |
Perceived Best COVID-19 Vaccine | |||
Pfizer-BioNTech | 34 (14.7) | 198 (85.3) | 0.601 2 |
Oxford-AstraZeneca | 3 (13.0) | 20 (87.0) | |
Moderna | 2 (28.6) | 5 (71.4) | |
Sinopharm | 0 (0.0) | 4 (100.0) | |
Knew a family member or friend who had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 after receiving vaccination | 32 (14.3) | 192 (85.7) | 0.689 |
Read precautions provided by the local authorities for COVID-19 vaccination | 16 (15.1) | 90 (84.9) | 0.871 |
Searched for information related to COVID-19 vaccination online | 25 (14.5) | 147 (85.5) | 0.937 |
Free COVID-19 vaccine as an influential factor in receiving it | 31 (18.5) | 137 (81.5) | 0.022 1 |
Independent Variable | Odds Ratio | p-Value | 95% CI for Odds Ratio | Goodness-of-Fit | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confidence | R2 = 0.108 Entropy R2 = 0.108 Generalized R2 = 0.162 | ||||
Academic year | 2nd year (a) | 7.042 | 0.012 1 | (1.548, 32.044) | |
3rd year (a) | 3.349 | 0.003 1 | (1.507, 7.445) | ||
4th year (a) | 1.803 | 0.295 | (0.598, 5.433) | ||
5th year (a) | 1.222 | 0.683 | (0.465, 3.201) | ||
Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 * | No (b) | 4.368 | 0.028 1 | (1.169, 16.314) | |
Yes (b) | 2.487 | 0.180 | (0.655, 9.444) | ||
Free COVID-19 ** vaccine as an influential factor in receiving it | Yes (c) | 2.002 | 0.038 1 | (1.038, 3.860) | |
Complacency | |||||
Age | 0.689 | 0.017 1 | (0.509, 0.934) | R2 = 0.108 Entropy R2 = 0.108 Generalized R2 = 0.147 | |
Family member previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 | No (b) | 0.080 | 0.007 1 | (0.012, 0.496) | |
Yes (b) | 0.066 | 0.002 1 | (0.012, 0.357) | ||
Perceived best COVID-19 vaccine | Sinopharm (d) | 0.195 | 0.269 | (0.195, 42.853) | |
Pfizer-BioNTech (d) | 0.057 | 0.002 1 | (0.009, 0.342) | ||
Oxford-AstraZeneca (d) | 0.346 | 0.441 | (0.023, 5.134) | ||
Calculation | R2 = 0.084 Entropy R2 = 0.084 Generalized R2 = 0.143 | ||||
Previous infection with SARS-CoV-2 | No (b) | 0.486 | 0.245 | (0.144, 1.641) | |
Yes (b) | 0.232 | 0.024 1 | (0.065, 0.826) | ||
Read precautions provided by the local authorities for COVID-19 vaccination | Yes (c) | 1.798 | 0.039 1 | (1.028, 3.148) | |
Searched for information related to COVID-19 vaccination online | Yes (c) | 2.651 | 0.002 1 | (1.418, 4.953) |
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Share and Cite
Omer, I.; Alhuzali, A.; Aletani, T.; Althagafi, Z.; Ghulam, E.; Awadh, A. Vaccine Hesitancy among Medical Students at a Tertiary Hospital—Affiliated Medical School. Healthcare 2023, 11, 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040461
Omer I, Alhuzali A, Aletani T, Althagafi Z, Ghulam E, Awadh A. Vaccine Hesitancy among Medical Students at a Tertiary Hospital—Affiliated Medical School. Healthcare. 2023; 11(4):461. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040461
Chicago/Turabian StyleOmer, Ibrahim, Abdullah Alhuzali, Tala Aletani, Zaher Althagafi, Enas Ghulam, and Abdullah Awadh. 2023. "Vaccine Hesitancy among Medical Students at a Tertiary Hospital—Affiliated Medical School" Healthcare 11, no. 4: 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040461
APA StyleOmer, I., Alhuzali, A., Aletani, T., Althagafi, Z., Ghulam, E., & Awadh, A. (2023). Vaccine Hesitancy among Medical Students at a Tertiary Hospital—Affiliated Medical School. Healthcare, 11(4), 461. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11040461