The Longitudinal Mediating Effect of Smartphone Dependency on the Relationship between Exercise Time and Subjective Happiness in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Exercise Hours
2.2.2. Smartphone Dependency
2.2.3. Subjective Happiness
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis
3.2. Latent Growth Modeling Analysis
3.3. Mediating Effect
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
5.1. General Conclusions
5.2. Limitations
5.3. Future Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | M | SD | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|
exercise time w1 | 3.03 | 1.45 | 0.06 | −1.37 |
exercise time w2 | 2.81 | 1.40 | 0.25 | −1.18 |
exercise time w3 | 2.32 | 1.38 | 0.77 | −0.66 |
smartphone dependency w1 | 2.04 | 0.49 | 0.21 | −0.07 |
smartphone dependency w2 | 2.13 | 0.47 | −0.07 | −0.10 |
smartphone dependency w3 | 2.18 | 0.49 | −0.10 | −0.32 |
subjective happiness w1 | 3.13 | 0.55 | −0.33 | 0.31 |
subjective happiness w2 | 3.07 | 0.48 | 0.03 | 0.45 |
subjective happiness w3 | 3.06 | 0.45 | −0.09 | 1.01 |
Variables | 1. | 2. | 3. | 4. | 5. | 6. | 7. | 8. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. exercise time w1 | 1 | |||||||
2. exercise time w2 | 0.427 ** | 1 | ||||||
3. exercise time w3 | 0.314 ** | 0.337 ** | 1 | |||||
4. smartphone dependency w1 | −0.176 ** | −0.144 ** | −0.110 ** | 1 | ||||
5. smartphone dependency w2 | −0.109 ** | −0.172 ** | −0.101 ** | 0.447 ** | 1 | |||
6. smartphone dependency w3 | −0.128 ** | −0.105 ** | −0.151 ** | 0.360 ** | 0.481 ** | 1 | ||
7. subjective happiness w1 | 0.168 ** | 0.164 ** | 0.088 ** | −0.326 ** | −0.218 ** | −0.177 ** | 1 | |
8. subjective happiness w2 | 0.106 ** | 0.216 ** | 0.096 ** | −0.166 ** | −0.324 ** | −0.176 ** | 0.437 ** | 1 |
9.subjective happiness w3 | 0.101 ** | 0.129 ** | 0.149 ** | −0.167 ** | −0.186 ** | −0.261 ** | 0.368 ** | 0.457 ** |
Variables | Models | χ2 | df | RMSEA | NFI | TLI | CFI | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise Time | no change | 469.423 ** | 6 | 0.186 | 0.422 | 0.714 | 0.427 | 0.424 |
linear | 28.917 ** | 3 | 0.062 | 0.964 | 0.968 | 0.968 | 0.013 | |
Smartphone Dependency | no change | 227.464 ** | 6 | 0.102 | 0.805 | 0.905 | 0.809 | 0.038 |
linear | 7.025 | 3 | 0.024 | 0.994 | 0.997 | 0.997 | 0.007 | |
Subjective Happiness | no change | 187.813 ** | 6 | 0.116 | 0.83 | 0.917 | 0.835 | 0.028 |
linear | 41.479 ** | 3 | 0.081 | 0.957 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.030 | |
Research Model | 260.895 ** | 24 | 0.066 | 0.933 | 0.907 | 0.938 | 0.029 |
Path | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | Total Effect | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Exercise Time → Subjective Happiness | 0.227 ** | 0.145** | 0.373 ** | |
Intercept | Exercise Time → Smartphone Dependency | −0.334 ** | −0.334 ** | |
Smartphone Dependency → Subjective Happiness | −0.435 ** | −0.435 ** | ||
Exercise Time → Subjective Happiness | 0.364 ** | 0.141 ** | −0.505 ** | |
Slope | Exercise Time → Smartphone Dependency | −0.243 ** | −0.243 ** | |
Smartphone Dependency → Subjective Happiness | −0.583 ** | −0.583 ** |
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Kim, I.; Ahn, H. The Longitudinal Mediating Effect of Smartphone Dependency on the Relationship between Exercise Time and Subjective Happiness in Adolescents. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11222997
Kim I, Ahn H. The Longitudinal Mediating Effect of Smartphone Dependency on the Relationship between Exercise Time and Subjective Happiness in Adolescents. Healthcare. 2023; 11(22):2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11222997
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Inwoo, and Hyoyeon Ahn. 2023. "The Longitudinal Mediating Effect of Smartphone Dependency on the Relationship between Exercise Time and Subjective Happiness in Adolescents" Healthcare 11, no. 22: 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11222997