Occupational Asthma Prevalence among Migrant Workers Attending Shuaiba Industrial Medical Center in Kuwait
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Hypothesis
3. Purpose of the Study
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Procedure
4.3. Instruments
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Result
5.1. Descriptive Analysis of Demographic Characteristics
5.2. Descriptive Analysis and Measuring the Association between Risk Factors and Bronchial Asthma
5.3. Measuring the Association between Workload and Bronchial Asthma
5.4. Logistic Regression Test between Demographic Categories and Bronchial Asthma
6. Discussion
6.1. The Association between Smoking and Bronchial Asthma
6.2. The Association between Body Mass Index and Bronchial Asthma
6.3. The Association between Workload and Bronchial Asthma
6.4. The Association between Industrial Toxic Chemicals and Bronchial Asthma
7. Limitations
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Kradin, R.L. Understanding Pulmonary Pathology: Applying Pathological Findings in Therapeutic Decision-Making; Elsevier/AP: Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Boston, MA, USA, 2017; p. 12. 343p. [Google Scholar]
- Etzel, R.A. How environmental exposures influence the development and exacerbation of asthma. Pediatrics 2003, 112, 233–239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barnes, P.J. Immunology of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2008, 8, 183–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bousquet, J.; Bousquet, P.J.; Godard, P.; Daures, J.P. The public health implications of asthma. Bull. World Health Organ. 2005, 83, 548–554. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Lux, H.; Baur, X.; Budnik, L.T.; Heutelbeck, A.; Teixeira, J.P.; Neumann, E.; Adliene, D.; Puišo, J.; Lucas, D.; Löndahl, J.; et al. Outdoor air pollution from industrial chemicals causing new onset of asthma or COPD: A systematic review protocol. J. Occup. Med. Toxicol. 2020, 15, 38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Maestrelli, P.; Boschetto, P.; Fabbri, L.M.; Mapp, C.E. Mechanisms of occupational asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2009, 123, 531–542, quiz 543–534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cormier, M.; Lemière, C. Occupational asthma. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung Dis. 2020, 24, 8–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brooks, S.M.; Hammad, Y.; Richards, I.; Giovinco-Barbas, J.; Jenkins, K. The spectrum of irritant-induced asthma: Sudden and not-so-sudden onset and the role of allergy. Chest 1998, 113, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tiotiu, A.I.; Novakova, S.; Labor, M.; Emelyanov, A.; Mihaicuta, S.; Novakova, P.; Nedeva, D. Progress in Occupational Asthma. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4553. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Friedman-Jimenez, G.; Harrison, D.; Luo, H. Occupational asthma and work-exacerbated asthma. Semin. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 2015, 36, 388–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Faustine, C. Environmental Review of Petroleum Industry Effluent Analysis. 2008. Available online: https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:412122/fulltext01.pdf (accessed on 20 May 2023).
- Baldacci, S.; Maio, S.; Cerrai, S.; Sarno, G.; Baïz, N.; Simoni, M.; Annesi-Maesano, I.; Viegi, G. Allergy and asthma: Effects of the exposure to particulate matter and biological allergens. Respir. Med. 2015, 109, 1089–1104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Quah, S.; Heggenhougen, K. International Encyclopedia of Public Health. 2008. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316698245_International_encyclopedia_of_public_health (accessed on 20 May 2023).
- Nunes, C.; Pereira, A.M.; Morais-Almeida, M. Asthma costs and social impact. Asthma Res. Pract. 2017, 3, 1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lee, S.Y.; Chang, Y.S.; Cho, S.H. Allergic diseases and air pollution. Asia Pac. Allergy 2013, 3, 145–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Torén, K.; Blanc, P.D. Asthma caused by occupational exposures is common—A systematic analysis of estimates of the population-attributable fraction. BMC Pulm. Med. 2009, 9, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kogevinas, M.; Zock, J.P.; Jarvis, D.; Kromhout, H.; Lillienberg, L.; Plana, E.; Radon, K.; Torén, K.; Alliksoo, A.; Benke, G.; et al. Exposure to substances in the workplace and new-onset asthma: An international prospective population-based study (ECRHS-II). Lancet 2007, 370, 336–341. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Alavinezhad, A.; Boskabady, M.H. The prevalence of asthma and related symptoms in Middle East countries. Clin. Respir. J. 2018, 12, 865–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Khadadah, M. The cost of asthma in Kuwait. Med. Princ. Pract. 2013, 22, 87–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuwait Government. The Public Authority for Civil Information (PACI). 2019. Available online: https://services.paci.gov.kw/card/inquiry?lang=en&serviceType=2 (accessed on 2 March 2019).
- Alahmad, B.; Kurdi, H.; Colonna, K.; Gasana, J.; Agnew, J.; Fox, M.A. COVID-19 stressors on migrant workers in Kuwait: Cumulative risk considerations. BMJ Glob. Health 2020, 5, e002995. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sm, A.-F.; Am, S. Work-related accidents referred to industrial medical center, kuwait, from 2015 to 2017. Egypt. J. Occup. Med. 2018, 42, 285–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reddel, H.K.; Bateman, E.D.; Becker, A.; Boulet, L.P.; Cruz, A.A.; Drazen, J.M.; Haahtela, T.; Hurd, S.S.; Inoue, H.; de Jongste, J.C.; et al. A summary of the new GINA strategy: A roadmap to asthma control. Eur. Respir. J. 2015, 46, 622–639. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Ahmed, A.; Anas, D.; Hassan, T.; Abd-El-Azem, W. Prevalence and predictors of occupational asthma among workers in detergent and cleaning products industry and its impact on quality of life in El Asher Men Ramadan, Egypt. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2022, 29, 33901–33908. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicholson, P.J.; Cullinan, P.; Burge, S. Concise guidance: Diagnosis, management and prevention of occupational asthma. Clin. Med. 2012, 12, 156–159. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Buqammaz, M.; Gasana, J.; Alahmad, B.; Shebl, M.; Albloushi, D. Occupational Noise-Induced Hearing Loss among Migrant Workers in Kuwait. 2021. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8156043/ (accessed on 20 May 2023).
- Nagaiah, M.; Ayyanar, K. Software for Data Analysis in SPSS on over View. 2016. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348740813_Software_for_Data_Analysis_in_SPSS_On_over_view/citation/download (accessed on 20 May 2023).
- Hales, C.M.; Fryar, C.D.; Carroll, M.D.; Freedman, D.S.; Ogden, C.L. Trends in Obesity and Severe Obesity Prevalence in US Youth and Adults by Sex and Age, 2007–2008 to 2015–2016. JAMA 2018, 319, 1723–1725. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Sterne, J.A.C.; White, I.R.; Carlin, J.B.; Spratt, M.; Royston, P.; Kenward, M.G.; Wood, A.M.; Carpenter, J.R. Multiple imputation for missing data in epidemiological and clinical research: Potential and pitfalls. BMJ 2009, 338, b2393. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bishwajit, G.; Tang, S.; Yaya, S.; Feng, Z. Burden of asthma, dyspnea, and chronic cough in South Asia. Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis. 2017, 12, 1093–1099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Vignoud, L.; Pin, I.; Boudier, A.; Pison, C.; Nadif, R.; Le Moual, N.; Slama, R.; Makao, M.N.; Kauffmann, F.; Siroux, V. Smoking and asthma: Disentangling their mutual influences using a longitudinal approach. Respir. Med. 2011, 105, 1805–1814. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Abrahamsen, R.; Fell, A.K.; Svendsen, M.V.; Andersson, E.; Torén, K.; Henneberger, P.K.; Kongerud, J. Association of respiratory symptoms and asthma with occupational exposures: Findings from a population-based cross-sectional survey in Telemark, Norway. BMJ Open 2017, 7, e014018. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Spears, M.; Donnelly, I.; Jolly, L.; Brannigan, M.; Ito, K.; McSharry, C.; Lafferty, J.; Chaudhuri, R.; Braganza, G.; Adcock, I.M.; et al. Effect of low-dose theophylline plus beclometasone on lung function in smokers with asthma: A pilot study. Eur. Respir. J. 2009, 33, 1010–1017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lang, J.E.; Bunnell, H.T.; Hossain, M.J.; Wysocki, T.; Lima, J.J.; Finkel, T.H.; Bacharier, L.; Dempsey, A.; Sarzynski, L.; Test, M.; et al. Being Overweight or Obese and the Development of Asthma. Pediatrics 2018, 142, e20182119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Miethe, S.; Karsonova, A.; Karaulov, A.; Renz, H. Obesity and asthma. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 2020, 146, 685–693. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mohan, A.; Grace, J.; Wang, B.R.; Lugogo, N. The Effects of Obesity in Asthma. Curr. Allergy Asthma Rep. 2019, 19, 49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moosazadeh, M. Meta-Analysis of Prevalence of Smoking in 15–64-year-old Population of West of Iran. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2013, 4, 1108–1114. [Google Scholar]
- Sin, D.D.; Sutherland, E.R. Obesity and the lung: 4. Obesity and asthma. Thorax 2008, 63, 1018–1023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Dunn, R.M.; Busse, P.J.; Wechsler, M.E. Asthma in the elderly and late-onset adult asthma. Allergy 2018, 73, 284–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rönmark, E.; Andersson, C.; Nyström, L.; Forsberg, B.; Järvholm, B.; Lundbäck, B. Obesity increases the risk of incident asthma among adults. Eur. Respir. J. 2005, 25, 282–288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Antonini, J.M.; Anderson, S.E. Occupational health and industrial hygiene. Environ. Health Insights 2014, 8, 97–98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dao, A.; Bernstein, D.I. Occupational exposure and asthma. Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2018, 120, 468–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Laditka, J.N.; Laditka, S.B.; Arif, A.A.; Hoyle, J.N. Work-related asthma in the USA: Nationally representative estimates with extended follow-up. Occup. Environ. Med. 2020, 77, 617–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vlahovich, K.P.; Sood, A. A 2019 Update on Occupational Lung Diseases: A Narrative Review. Pulm. Ther. 2021, 7, 75–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zivadinovic, N.; Klepaker, G.; Svendsen, M.V.; Kjell, T.; Henneberger, P.; Kongerud, J.; Fell, A.K.M. Occupational exposure and new onset asthma in the Telemark study: A five-year follow up. Eur. Respir. J. 2020, 56, 3850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grammer, L.C.; Harris, K.E.; Yarnold, P.R. Effect of Respiratory Protective Devices on Development of Antibody and Occupational Asthma to an Acid Anhydride. Chest 2002, 121, 1317–1322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vandenplas, O.; Dressel, H.; Nowak, D.; Jamart, J. What is the optimal management option for occupational asthma? Eur. Respir. Rev. 2012, 21, 97–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alahmad, B.; Shakarchi, A.F.; Khraishah, H.; Alseaidan, M.; Gasana, J.; Al-Hemoud, A.; Koutrakis, P.; Fox, M.A. Extreme temperatures and mortality in Kuwait: Who is vulnerable? Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 732, 139289. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Year | 2018 | 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Bronchial Asthma | Bronchial Asthma | |||
NO | YES | NO | YES | |
Type Of Medical Check-Up | ||||
Pre-employment | 44 | 1 | 178 | 1 |
Periodical | 1293 | 10 | 1654 | 29 |
Confined space entry | 233 | 3 | 146 | 1 |
Baseline health examination | 1847 | 8 | 1683 | 18 |
medical fitness test (Special Health Medical Examination) | 38 | 0 | 96 | 0 |
Years | 2018 | 2019 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n = 3478 | n = 3807 | |||
Worker’s Experience Years | Number | Column Total N% | Number | Column Total N% |
10> | 2787 | 80.10% | 2261 | 59.40% |
11–20 | 563 | 16.20% | 401 | 10.50% |
21< | 94 | 2.70% | 74 | 1.90% |
Missing | 34 | 1.0% | 1071 | 28.2% |
Age Categories | ||||
21–30 years | 712 | 20.50% | 840 | 22.10% |
31–40 years | 1270 | 36.50% | 1364 | 35.80% |
41–50 years | 921 | 26.50% | 945 | 24.80% |
Above 51 years | 575 | 16.50% | 658 | 17.30% |
Missing | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
BMI Categories | ||||
Under Weight | 30 | 0.90% | 29 | 0.80% |
Normal | 997 | 28.70% | 828 | 21.70% |
Overweight | 1709 | 49.10% | 1329 | 34.90% |
Obese | 588 | 16.90% | 481 | 12.60% |
Extremely Obese | 152 | 4.40% | 98 | 2.60% |
Missing | 2 | 0% | 1042 | 27.4% |
Nationality | ||||
Kuwaiti | 70 | 2.0% | 223 | 5.9% |
Egyptian | 483 | 13.9% | 401 | 10.5% |
Indian | 1976 | 56.8% | 2148 | 56.4% |
Bangladeshi | 272 | 7.8% | 252 | 6.6% |
Filipino | 181 | 5.2% | 144 | 3.8% |
Others | 496 | 14.3% | 639 | 16.80% |
Missing | 0 | 0% | 0 | 0% |
Irritants Exposure | ||||
Ammonia | 21 | 0.6% | 3 | 0.1% |
Ammonia, Dust, Noise | 7 | 0.2% | 18 | 0.5% |
Ammonia, Natural Gas, and R-22 | 8 | 0.2% | 13 | 0.3% |
Chemical Material, Dust, General Hazards, and Noise | 87 | 2.5% | 116 | 3.0% |
Chemical, Noise, and Vibration | 76 | 2.2% | 41 | 1.1% |
Chemical/H2S | 313 | 9.0% | 1006 | 26.4% |
Chlorine gas and HCl Fumes | 213 | 6.1% | 27 | 0.7% |
Dust, Noise, Heat, and UV Rays | 19 | 0.5% | 11 | 0.3% |
Crude oil and Dust | 35 | 1.0% | 9 | 0.2% |
Dust, Fumes, Gases, Noise, Vibration, and Biological agents | 325 | 9.3% | 119 | 3.1% |
Ergonomic, Dust, and Gases | 144 | 4.1% | 66 | 1.7% |
Extreme Weather Conditions (Hot, Cold, and Humidity) | 19 | 0.5% | 314 | 8.2% |
Eye Strains | 9 | 0.3% | 1 | 0.0% |
Fumes and Vibration | 1 | 0.0% | 50 | 1.3% |
H2S, CO2, and SO2 | 476 | 13.7% | 294 | 7.7% |
Hexane, Benzene, Noise, and Dust | 1 | 0.0% | 119 | 3.1% |
Hydrocarbon Vapor, Dust | 8 | 0.2% | 5 | 0.1% |
Hydrogen Sulfide | 5 | 0.1% | 17 | 0.4% |
On-site Dust Exposures | 5 | 0.1% | 50 | 1.3% |
Light | 1 | 0.0% | 14 | 0.4% |
Paint Vapors | 1 | 0.0% | 10 | 0.3% |
Noise, Heat, Dust | 618 | 17.8% | 532 | 14.0% |
Noise, Heat, Vibration | 231 | 6.6% | 185 | 4.9% |
Office (indoor area) | 176 | 5.1% | 6 | 0.2% |
Oil and Gas | 1 | 0.0% | 10 | 0.3% |
Smell, Heat, Dust, Chemical Hazards, and General Hazards | 84 | 2.4% | 3 | 0.1% |
Static Position | 2 | 0.1% | 3 | 0.1% |
Sulfur and Dust | 81 | 2.3% | 0 | 0.0% |
Toxic Gases, Noise, and Heat Stress | 59 | 1.7% | 57 | 1.5% |
UREA | 137 | 3.9% | 0 | 0.0% |
Welding Fumes | 2 | 0.1% | 104 | 2.7% |
Water pressure, Mechanical, and Weather | 8 | 0.2% | 23 | 0.6% |
Working Open Area | 11 | 0.3% | 9 | 0.2% |
Missing | 251 | 7.2% | 412 | 10.8% |
Type of Occupation | ||||
Physical Scientists and Related Technicians | 4 | 0.1% | 8 | 0.2% |
Engineers | 139 | 4.0% | 175 | 4.6% |
Surveyors/Draftsman and Assistants | 16 | 0.5% | 13 | 0.3% |
Aircraft and Ships Officers | 1 | 0.0% | 23 | 0.6% |
Biologists | 1 | 0.0% | 4 | 0.1% |
Nurses | 16 | 0.5% | 11 | 0.3% |
Statistics/Mathematic/Analysts and Assistants | 9 | 0.3% | 24 | 0.6% |
Economists and Accountants | 7 | 0.2% | 9 | 0.2% |
Other Professionals/Technical | 444 | 12.8% | 397 | 10.4% |
Administrators (Government) | 3 | 0.1% | 6 | 0.2% |
Manager (Private Company) | 34 | 1.0% | 32 | 0.8% |
Clerical Supervisors | 15 | 0.4% | 26 | 0.7% |
Mail/Tel. and Telegraph Operators | 4 | 0.1% | 8 | 0.2% |
Other Clerical Workers | 105 | 3.0% | 141 | 3.7% |
Sales Supervisors | 1 | 0.0% | 4 | 0.1% |
Cooks/Waiters and House Keepers | 16 | 0.5% | 25 | 0.7% |
Cleaners | 2 | 0.1% | 8 | 0.2% |
Other Service Workers | 39 | 1.1% | 51 | 1.3% |
Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Workers | 2 | 0.1% | 5 | 0.1% |
Fisherman and Hunters | 1 | 0.0% | 7 | 0.2% |
Production Supervisors and Foremen | 385 | 11.1% | 345 | 9.1% |
Processors | 36 | 1.0% | 66 | 1.7% |
Chemical Processors and Related Workers | 16 | 0.5% | 23 | 0.6% |
Carpenter | 14 | 0.4% | 26 | 0.7% |
Electrical and Electronic Workers | 80 | 2.3% | 106 | 2.8% |
Plumbers | 3 | 0.1% | 9 | 0.2% |
Printers and Related Workers | 2 | 0.1% | 8 | 0.2% |
Other Production Workers | 41 | 1.2% | 95 | 2.5% |
Painter | 37 | 1.1% | 50 | 1.3% |
Bricklayers and Other Construction Workers | 4 | 0.1% | 36 | 0.9% |
Stationary Equipment Operators | 181 | 5.2% | 167 | 4.4% |
Material Handling Equipment Operators | 34 | 1.0% | 36 | 0.9% |
Transport Equipment Operators | 127 | 3.7% | 142 | 3.7% |
Other Handling Workers (LABOURS) | 714 | 20.5% | 609 | 16.0% |
Mechanic | 119 | 3.4% | 171 | 4.5% |
Driver | 416 | 12.0% | 383 | 10.1% |
Welders | 100 | 2.9% | 86 | 2.3% |
Pipe Fitter | 38 | 1.1% | 35 | 0.9% |
General Fitter | 86 | 2.5% | 68 | 1.8% |
Sailor/Diver | 3 | 0.1% | 5 | 0.1% |
Fabricator | 43 | 1.2% | 38 | 1.0% |
Sand Blasting Workers | 25 | 0.7% | 28 | 0.7% |
Rigger | 40 | 1.2% | 32 | 0.8% |
Scaffolder | 30 | 0.9% | 26 | 0.7% |
Divers | 40 | 1.2% | 58 | 1.5% |
Missing | 5 | 0.1% | 182 | 4.8% |
Years | 2018 | 2019 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 3478 | n = 3807 | ||||||
Bronchial Asthma | (p-Value) | Bronchial Asthma | (p-Value) | ||||
NO | YES | NO | YES | ||||
Smoking | |||||||
NO | n | 2628 | 18 | 0.527 | 3095 | 43 | 0.324 |
(%) | 99.30% | 0.70% | 98.60% | 1.40% | |||
YES | n | 828 | 4 | 663 | 6 | ||
(%) | 99.50% | 0.50% | 99.10% | 0.90% | |||
Age categories | |||||||
21–30 years | n | 712 | 0 | 0.001 * | 835 | 5 | 0.037 * |
(%) | 100.00% | 0.00% | 99.40% | 0.60% | |||
31–40 years | n | 1265 | 5 | 1348 | 16 | ||
(%) | 99.60% | 0.40% | 98.80% | 1.20% | |||
41–50 years | n | 914 | 7 | 932 | 13 | ||
(%) | 99.20% | 0.80% | 98.60% | 1.40% | |||
above 51 years | n | 565 | 10 | 643 | 15 | ||
(%) | 98.30% | 1.70% | 97.70% | 2.30% | |||
Working Year Groups | |||||||
<10 years | n | 2777 | 10 | <0.001 * | 2236 | 25 | 0.342 |
(%) | 99.60% | 0.40% | 98.90% | 1.10% | |||
11–20 years | n | 556 | 7 | 393 | 8 | ||
(%) | 98.80% | 1.20% | 98% | 2.00% | |||
>21 years | n | 90 | 4 | 72 | 2 | ||
(%) | 95.70% | 4.30% | 97.30% | 2.70% | |||
Missing | n | 33 | 1 | 1057 | 14 | ||
(%) | 97.10% | 2.90% | 98.70% | 1.30% | |||
Determination of Fitness | |||||||
FIT | n | 1798 | 0 | <0.001 * | 1861 | 1 | <0.001 * |
(%) | 100.00% | 0.00% | 99.90% | 0.10% | |||
UNFIT | n | 7 | 2 | 8 | 0 | ||
(%) | 77.80% | 22.20% | 100.00% | 0.00% | |||
FSC | n | 1518 | 20 | 1785 | 48 | ||
(%) | 98.70% | 1.30% | 97.40% | 2.60% |
Year | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Bronchial Asthma | Chi-Square p-Value | Bronchial Asthma | Chi-Square p-Value | |||||
NO | YES | Total | NO | YES | Total | ||||
Workload category | Low Physical Activity | 291 | 1 | 292 | 0.787 | 275 | 5 | 280 | 0.593 |
Moderate Physical Activity | 350 | 1 | 351 | 162 | 1 | 163 | |||
High Physical Activity | 2815 | 20 | 2835 | 1494 | 21 | 1515 | |||
Total | 3456 | 22 | 3478 | 1931 | 27 | 1958 |
Year | 2018 | 2019 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | p-Value | OR | 95% CI | 95% CI | |||||
Lower | Upper | p | OR | Lower | Upper | ||||
Age | 21–30 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
31–40 years | 0.686 | 1.403 | 0.272 | 7.251 | 1.183 | 1.982 | 0.723 | 5.431 | |
41–50 years | 0.123 | 2.719 | 0.563 | 13.128 | 1.110 | 2.329 | 0.827 | 6.562 | |
Above 51 years | 0.012 * | 6.924 | 1.528 | 31.364 | 0.009 * | 3.896 | 1.409 | 10.775 | |
Marital status | Single | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Married | 0.507 | 1.971 | 0.266 | 14.624 | 0.760 | 0.874 | 0.37 | 2.067 | |
Working Years | Less than 10 years | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
11–20 years | 0.042 * | 2.627 | 1.033 | 6.679 | 0.144 | 1.821 | 0.815 | 4.065 | |
More than 21 years | 0.001 * | 9.313 | 2.963 | 29.276 | 0.222 | 2.484 | 0.577 | 10.69 | |
BMI | Under Weight | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Normal | 0.198 | 0.251 | 0.031 | 2.058 | 0.488 | 0.482 | 0.061 | 3.791 | |
Over Weight | 0.042 * | 0.109 | 0.013 | 0.926 | 0.360 | 0.384 | 0.05 | 2.981 | |
Obese | 0.292 | 0.317 | 0.037 | 2.688 | 0.271 | 0.294 | 0.033 | 2.603 | |
Extremely Obese | 0.403 | 0.353 | 0.031 | 4.055 | 0.385 | 0.289 | 0.017 | 4.764 | |
Smoking | No | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference | Reference |
Yes | 0.571 | 0.754 | 0.283 | 2.006 | 0.328 | 0.651 | 0.276 | 1.537 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alhadlaq, H.W.; Ateeq, A.; Shayea, A.M.F.; Gasana, J. Occupational Asthma Prevalence among Migrant Workers Attending Shuaiba Industrial Medical Center in Kuwait. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142021
Alhadlaq HW, Ateeq A, Shayea AMF, Gasana J. Occupational Asthma Prevalence among Migrant Workers Attending Shuaiba Industrial Medical Center in Kuwait. Healthcare. 2023; 11(14):2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142021
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlhadlaq, Hussah Waleed, Alanoud Ateeq, Abdulaziz M. F. Shayea, and Janvier Gasana. 2023. "Occupational Asthma Prevalence among Migrant Workers Attending Shuaiba Industrial Medical Center in Kuwait" Healthcare 11, no. 14: 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142021
APA StyleAlhadlaq, H. W., Ateeq, A., Shayea, A. M. F., & Gasana, J. (2023). Occupational Asthma Prevalence among Migrant Workers Attending Shuaiba Industrial Medical Center in Kuwait. Healthcare, 11(14), 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142021