Assessing the Risk of Depression Tendency in Pregnancy and Puerperium during COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Studied Groups
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Questionnaire
2.2.2. Statistical Methods
2.2.3. Bioethical Committee
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Clinical Implications
- The high prevalence of pregnancy and postpartum depression in the population of Polish women indicates the need for regular screening during antenatal and postnatal care by midwives to identify groups at risk of developing depression in pregnancy and the puerperium and to include this group of women in psychoeducation.
- Develop a chart of risk factors for the development of pregnancy and postpartum depression based on empirical studies, which would be useful to midwives for early identification of patients with mental disorders.
- There is a need for training (education) of medical personnel, with a particular focus on midwives caring for pregnant women with, among other things, the recognition of symptoms of depression and the use of screening tools.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Psychometric Scale | Pregnancy (n = 154) | Postartum (n = 163) |
---|---|---|
EPDS | 0.922 | 0.877 |
BDI-II | 0.907 | 0.926 |
HADS-A | 0.801 | 0.806 |
HADS-D | 0.798 | 0.839 |
Scale | Score Range | Pregnancy (n = 154) | Postartum (n = 163) | p * |
---|---|---|---|---|
EPDS | 0–9 | 80 (51.95%) | 108 (66.26%) | p = 0.03 |
10–13 | 34 (22.08%) | 28 (17.18%) | ||
≥14 | 40 (25.97%) | 27 (16.56%) | ||
BDI-II | 0–11 | 78 (50.65%) | 116 (71.17%) | p = 0.001 |
12–19 | 38 (24.68%) | 23 (14.11%) | ||
20–25/@ | 18 (11.69%) | 4 (2.45%) | ||
≥26/@ | 20 (12.99%) | 20 (12.27%) | ||
HADS-A | 0–7 | 80 (51.95%) | 100 (61.35%) | p = 0.22 |
8–10 | 38 (24.68%) | 35 (21.47%) | ||
11–14/@ | 28 (18.18%) | 21 (12.88%) | ||
≥15/@ | 8 (5.19%) | 7 (4.29%) | ||
HADS-D | 0–7 | 90 (58.44%) | 127 (77.91%) | p = 0.0001 |
8–10 | 34 (22.07%) | 27 (16.56%) | ||
11–14/@ | 22 (14.29%) | 3 (1.84%) | ||
≥15/@ | 8 (5.19%) | 6 (3.68%) |
Category | EPDS | BDI-II | HADS-A | HADS-D |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disorders Index ≥10 Points | Disorders Index ≥12 Points | Disorders Index ≥8 Points | Disorders Index ≥8 Points | |
Secondary (lower) education | RR = 1.95 | RR = 1.84 | RR = 1.41 | RR = 1.88 |
(1.45; 2.68) | (1.35; 2.51) | (1.02; 1.94) | (1.30; 2.71) | |
p = 0.00005 | p = 0.0001 | p = 0.04 | p = 0.0008 | |
Type of professional work not working | RR = 1.36 | --- | RR = 1.58 | RR = 1.93 |
(0.95; 1.94) | (1.15; 2.19) | (1.36; 2.72) | ||
p = 0.09 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.0002 | ||
Material situation bad or average | RR = 1.62 | RR = 1.56 | RR = 1.44 | RR = 1.82 |
(1.19; 2.21) | (1.15; 2.10) | (1.05; 1.99) | (1.28; 2.59) | |
p = 0.002 | p = 0.004 | p = 0.02 | p = 0.0008 | |
Number of pregnancies multiple births | --- | RR = 1.44 | --- | --- |
(1.06; 1.60) | ||||
p = 0.02 | ||||
Course of pregnancy complicated | --- | --- | RR = 1.27 | --- |
(0.84; 1.94) | ||||
p = 0.26 | ||||
Occurrence of prolonged periods of anxiety and sadness about the current pregnancy | RR = 1.49 | RR = 1.68 | --- | --- |
(1.06; 2.10) | (1.25; 2.27) | |||
p = 0.02 | p = 0.0007 | |||
Diagnosed with depressive disorder before current pregnancy | --- | RR = 1.79 | --- | RR = 1.22 |
(1.32; 2.44) | (0.67; 2.23) | |||
p = 0.0002 | p = 0.50 | |||
Lack of support from husband/partner/family during pregnancy | RR = 2.01 | RR = 1.95 | RR = 2.01 | RR = 2.42 |
(1.54; 2.62) | (1.50; 2.53) | (1.54; 2.62) | (1.81; 3.22) | |
p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 |
Category | EPDS | BDI-II | HADS-A | HADS-D |
---|---|---|---|---|
Disorders Index ≥10 Points | Disorders Index ≥12 Points | Disorders Index ≥8 Points | Disorders Index ≥8 Points | |
Secondary (lower) education | RR = 1.16 | RR = 1.18 | RR = 0.99 | --- |
(0.75; 1.78) | (0.73; 1.91) | (0.68; 1.46) | ||
p = 0.51 | p = 0.50 | p = 0.98 | ||
Type of professional work not working | RR = 1.84 | --- | RR = 1.71 | RR = 1.31 |
(1.22; 2.78) | (1.18; 2.48) | (0.71; 2.42) | ||
p = 0.004 | p = 0.005 | p = 0.38 | ||
Marital status Maiden | --- | RR = 1.76 | RR = 1.43 | RR = 1.07 |
(0.99; 3.12) | (0.87; 2.35) | (0.43; 2.67) | ||
p = 0.05 | NS (p = 0.15) | p = 0.88 | ||
Material situation bad or average | RR = 1.74 | RR = 2.44 | RR = 1.42 | RR = 1.45 |
(1.14; 2.64) | (1.55; 3.82) | (0.95; 2.11) | (0.79; 2.66) | |
p = 0.01 | p = 0.0001 | p = 0.08 | p = 0.23 | |
Number of pregnancies multiple births | --- | --- | RR = 1.52 | --- |
(1.01; 2.29) | ||||
p = 0.05 | ||||
Course of pregnancy complicated | RR = 1.76 | RR = 2.65 | --- | --- |
(1.16; 2.67) | (1.64; 4.28) | |||
p = 0.008 | p = 0.00007 | |||
Psychiatric treatment before current pregnancy | RR = 1.86 | --- | RR = 2.14 | --- |
(0.88; 3.94) | (1.32; 3.47) | |||
p = 0.11 | p = 0.002 | |||
Occurrence of prolonged periods of anxiety and sadness about the current pregnancy | RR = 2.60 | RR = 3.14 | RR = 2.23 | RR = 3.69 |
(1.76; 3.85) | (2.08; 4.74) | (1.53; 3.24) | (2.19; 6.22) | |
p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 | p = 0.00003 | p < 0.00001 | |
Diagnosed with depressive disorder before current pregnancy | RR = 3.35 | RR = 3.51 | RR = 2.49 | RR = 4.89 |
(2.63; 4.26) | (2.46; 5.01) | (1.82; 3.41) | (3.25; 7.34) | |
p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 | p < 0.00001 | |
Lack of support from husband/partner/family during pregnancy | RR = 2.83 | RR = 2.84 | RR = 2.04 | RR = 1.14 |
(1.99; 4.02) | (1.76; 4.58) | (1.30; 3.20) | (0.33; 3.92) | |
p < 0.00001 | p = 0.00002 | p = 0.002 | p = 0.85 |
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Sioma-Markowska, U.; Krawczyk, P.; Brzęk, A. Assessing the Risk of Depression Tendency in Pregnancy and Puerperium during COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142005
Sioma-Markowska U, Krawczyk P, Brzęk A. Assessing the Risk of Depression Tendency in Pregnancy and Puerperium during COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland. Healthcare. 2023; 11(14):2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142005
Chicago/Turabian StyleSioma-Markowska, Urszula, Patrycja Krawczyk, and Anna Brzęk. 2023. "Assessing the Risk of Depression Tendency in Pregnancy and Puerperium during COVID-19 Pandemic in Poland" Healthcare 11, no. 14: 2005. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142005