Work–Family Conflict and Mental Health among Chinese Female Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Effects of Resilience
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Mental Health
2.2.2. Work–Family Conflict
2.2.3. Resilience
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Sample Characteristics and Differences in Study Variables
3.2. Mental Health Status of Female Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic Compared with the National Norm
3.3. Relationship between Mental Health, Work–family Conflict, and Resilience
3.4. Moderating Effects of Resilience
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Categories | n (%) | Mental Health (SCL-90) | Work–family Conflict | Resilience | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | F | M ± SD | F | M ± SD | F | |||
Age(year) | 20–29 (a) | 132 (30.6) | 2.03 ± 0.75 | 1.48 | 2.77 ± 0.73 | 4.58 *** a = b > c | 3.30 ± 0.64 | 11.96 *** a = b < c |
30–39 (b) | 180 (41.8) | 2.05 ± 0.75 | 2.84 ± 0.64 | 3.37 ± 0.64 | ||||
≥40 (c) | 119 (27.6) | 1.91 ± 0.64 | 2.61 ± 0.59 | 3.66 ± 0.63 | ||||
Educational level | High school | 13 (3) | 2.00 ± 0.64 | 0.49 | 2.50 ± 0.60 | 2.27 | 3.63 ± 0.56 | 0.81 |
Junior college | 222 (51.5) | 1.97 ± 0.73 | 2.72 ± 0.63 | 3.44 ± 0.65 | ||||
Bachelor | 196 (45.5) | 2.04 ± 0.72 | 2.82 ± 0.70 | 3.40 ± 0.67 | ||||
Position | Doctor (a) | 83 (19.3) | 1.87 ± 0.65 | 3.06 * a = e < b e < d | 2.66 ± 0.72 | 4.38 ** e < a = c < b | 3.44 ± 0.67 | 1.84 |
Nurse (b) | 241 (55.9) | 2.09 ± 0.75 | 2.87 ± 0.63 | 3.35 ± 0.63 | ||||
Medical technicians (c) | 47 (10.9) | 1.87 ± 0.71 | 2.57 ± 0.67 | 3.57 ± 0.73 | ||||
Administrative staff (d) | 27 (6.3) | 2.17 ± 0.61 | 2.69 ± 0.62 | 3.57 ± 0.68 | ||||
Other positions (e) | 21 (4.9) | 1.64 ± 0.56 | 2.35 ± 0.45 | 3.61 ± 0.63 | ||||
Logistics staff (f) | 12 (2.8) | 2.10 ± 0.77 | 2.77 ± 0.75 | 3.60 ± 0.53 | ||||
Marital status | Married | 318 (73.8) | 1.98 ± 0.70 | 2.07 | 2.73 ± 0.64 | 1.26 | 3.45 ± 0.66 | 2.12 |
Single | 113 (26.2) | 2.09 ± 0.78 | 2.82 ± 0.73 | 3.35 ± 0.63 | ||||
Whether or not the participant has children | Yes | 308 (71.5) | 1.99 ± 0.70 | 0.51 | 2.74 ± 0.64 | 0.51 | 3.48 ± 0.65 | 6.69 * |
No | 123 (28.5) | 2.04 ± 0.76 | 2.79 ± 0.71 | 3.30 ± 0.64 |
Dimension | This Study (n = 431) | National Norm (n = 1388) | t |
---|---|---|---|
Total score | 2.01 ± 0.72 | 1.44 ± 0.43 | 16.31 *** |
Anxiety | 1.94 ± 0.77 | 1.39 ± 0.43 | 14.75 *** |
Depression | 2.13 ± 0.81 | 1.50 ± 0.59 | 16.23 *** |
Somatization | 2.01 ± 0.75 | 1.37 ± 0.48 | 17.67 *** |
Obsessive | 2.37 ± 0.78 | 1.62 ± 0.58 | 20.07 *** |
Interpersonal sensitivity | 2.02 ± 0.78 | 1.65 ± 0.51 | 9.86 *** |
Hostility | 2.00 ± 0.80 | 1.48 ± 0.56 | 13.36 *** |
Phobia anxiety | 1.73 ± 0.73 | 1.23 ± 0.41 | 14.15 *** |
Paranoid ideation | 1.80 ± 0.73 | 1.43 ± 0.57 | 10.36 *** |
Psychoticism | 1.82 ± 0.74 | 1.29 ± 0.42 | 14.75 *** |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Mental health (SCL-90) | 1 | ||
2. Work–family conflict | 0.46 ** | 1 | |
3. Resilience | −0.45 ** | −0.32 ** | 1 |
The Regression Equation | Overall Fitting Index | Significance of Regression Coefficient | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Outcome variable | Prognosis variate | R2 | F | β | t |
Mental health (SCL-90) | Work–family conflict | 0.33 | 25.96 *** | 0.39 | 8.42 *** |
Resilience | −0.40 | −8.44 *** | |||
Work–family conflict * Resilience | −0.13 | −2.36 * | |||
Age | 0.05 | 1.09 | |||
Education level | 0.00 | 0.01 | |||
Position | 0.02 | 0.83 | |||
Marital status | 0.13 | 1.32 | |||
Whether or not participant has children | −0.06 | −0.61 |
Level of Moderator Variable | B | SE | t | LLCI | ULCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Low resilience | −0.65 | 0.06 | 7.78 *** | 0.36 | 0.60 |
High resilience | 0.65 | 0.06 | 5.35 *** | 0.19 | 0.41 |
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Liu, Z.; Hong, L. Work–Family Conflict and Mental Health among Chinese Female Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Effects of Resilience. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121696
Liu Z, Hong L. Work–Family Conflict and Mental Health among Chinese Female Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Effects of Resilience. Healthcare. 2023; 11(12):1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121696
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zixiao, and Liu Hong. 2023. "Work–Family Conflict and Mental Health among Chinese Female Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Effects of Resilience" Healthcare 11, no. 12: 1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121696
APA StyleLiu, Z., & Hong, L. (2023). Work–Family Conflict and Mental Health among Chinese Female Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Effects of Resilience. Healthcare, 11(12), 1696. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11121696