Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression between Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Caregivers: A One-Year Prospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Procedure
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Patients | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive N (%), N = 31 | Non-Depressive N (%), N = 82 | Total N (%), N = 113 | z/χ2 | Cohen’s D/Phi | p | |
Gender (%) | 1.64 | 0.12 | 0.20 | |||
Male | 18 (58.1) | 58 (70.7) | 76 (67.3) | |||
Female | 13 (41.9) | 24 (29.6) | 37 (33.0) | |||
Age, years mean (s.d.) | 64.39 ± 8.47 | 65.79 ± 8.53 | 65.41 ± 8.50 | −0.64 | −0.16 | 0.52 |
Age of onset | 55.90 ± 9.29 | 57.38 ± 10.95 | 56.97 ± 10.50 | −1.01 | −0.15 | 0.31 |
Duration of PD | 8.45 ± 5.54 | 8.48 ± 5.49 | 8.47 ± 5.48 | −0.12 | −0.005 | 0.91 |
Years of education | 11.71 ± 4.64 | 10.66 ± 4.63 | 10.95 ± 4.63 | −1.34 | 0.23 | 0.18 |
Education | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.62 | |||
Less than high school (<12) | 12 (38.7) | 36 (43.9) | 48 (42.5) | |||
More than college (≥12) | 19 (61.3) | 46 (56.1) | 65 (57.5) | |||
Marital status | 0.00 | 0.001 | 0.99 | |||
Unmarried | 3 (9.7) | 8 (9.8) | 11 (9.7) | |||
Married | 28 (90.3) | 74 (90.2) | 102 (90.3) | |||
Unemployment | 24 (77.4) | 67 (81.7) | 91 (80.5) | 0.26 | 0.05 | 0.61 |
Comorbid with other diseases | 18 (58.1) | 55 (67.1) | 73 (64.6) | 0.80 | −0.08 | 0.37 |
Past psychiatric history | 3.87 | 0.19 | 0.049 | |||
No psychiatric history | 23 (74.2) | 73 (89.0) | 95 (84.8) | |||
Depressive disorder | 7 (22.6) | 3 (3.7) | 10 (8.8) | |||
Anxiety disorder | 1 (3.2) | 3 (3.7) | 4 (3.5) | |||
Insomnia | 2 (6.5) | 3 (3.7) | 5 (4.4) | |||
Family psychiatric history | 3.04 | 0.03 | 0.39 | |||
No psychiatric history | 29 (93.5) | 78 (95.1) | 107 (94.7) | |||
Depressive disorder | 1 (3.2) | 3 (3.7) | 4 (3.5) | |||
Anxiety disorder | 1 (3.2) | 1 (1.2) | 2 (1.8) | |||
Family suicide history | 0 | 4 (4.9) | 4 (3.5) | 1.57 | −0.12 | 0.21 |
Anxiolytics/Hypnotics use | 8 (25.8) | 24 (29.3) | 32 (28.3) | 0.13 | −0.03 | 0.72 |
NPRS (range) | 3.68 (0–10) | 1.93 (0–8) | 2.41 (0–10) | −2.73 | 0.63 | 0.006 |
HADS total scores | 18.81 ± 6.61 | 8.32 ± 4.95 | 11.19 ± 7.18 | −6.59 | 1.80 | <0.001 * |
HADS-D | 10.16 ± 3.69 | 5.09 ± 3.17 | 6.48 ± 4.01 | −5.96 | 1.47 | <0.001 * |
HADS-A | 8.65 ± 4.55 | 3.23 ± 2.60 | 4.72 ± 4.04 | −5.80 | 1.46 | <0.001 * |
BHS | 10.29 ± 3.88 | 3.73 ± 2.87 | 5.53 ± 4.32 | −6.68 | 1.92 | <0.001 * |
FSS | 50.55 ± 12.34 | 23.11 ± 12.71 | 30.64 ± 17.57 | −7.02 | 2.19 | <0.001 * |
BFI-10 | ||||||
Extraversion | 4.19 ± 2.23 | 4.74 ± 2.71 | 4.59 ± 2.59 | −0.78 | −0.22 | 0.44 |
Agreeableness | 6.32 ± 1.47 | 7.00 ± 1.52 | 6.81 ± 1.53 | −2.03 | −0.45 | 0.042 |
Conscientiousness | 7.97 ± 1.87 | 8.34 ± 1.96 | 8.24 ± 1.93 | −1.19 | −0.19 | 0.23 |
Neuroticism | 7.29 ± 1.77 | 5.61 ± 1.75 | 6.07 ± 1.90 | −4.12 | 0.95 | <0.001 * |
Openness | 7.00 ± 1.34 | 6.80 ± 1.44 | 6.86 ± 1.41 | −0.56 | 0.14 | 0.58 |
LTEQ | 0.71 (0–3) | 0.34 (0–4) | 0.44 (0–4) | −1.94 | 0.42 | 0.052 |
ADL scores | 88.55 ± 18.67 | 94.51 ± 15.55 | 92.88 ± 16.59 | −2.27 | −0.35 | 0.023 |
Highly dependent | 2 (6.5) | 4 (4.9) | 6 (5.3) | |||
Moderate function | 29 (93.5) | 78 (95.1) | 107 (94.7) | |||
CDRISC | 19.16 ± 7.52 | 32.51 ± 8.07 | 28.85 ± 9.90 | −6.26 | −1.71 | <0.001 * |
Caregivers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive N (%), N = 18 | Non-Depressive N (%), N = 83 | Total N (%), N = 101 | z/χ2 | Cohen’s D/Phi | p | |
Gender (%) | 0.74 | 0.09 | 0.39 | |||
Male | 4 (22.2) | 27 (32.5) | 31 (30.7) | |||
Female | 14 (77.8) | 56 (67.5) | 70 (69.3) | |||
Age, years mean (s.d.) | 60.44 ± 10.17 | 61.63 ± 10.83 | 61.42 ± 10.67 | −0.67 | −0.11 | 0.50 |
Duration of caring | 7.89 ± 4.71 | 8.20±5.49 | 8.14 ± 5.34 | −0.09 | −0.06 | 0.93 |
Years of education | 10.17 ± 4.58 | 11.43 ± 4.58 | 11.20 ± 4.58 | −1.06 | −0.28 | 0.29 |
Education | 0.05 | −0.02 | 0.83 | |||
Less than high school (<12) | 7 (38.9) | 30 (36.1) | 37 (36.6) | |||
More than college (≥12) | 11 (61.1) | 53 (63.9) | 64 (63.4) | |||
Marital status | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.50 | |||
Unmarried | 1 (5.6) | 9 (10.8) | 10 (9.9) | |||
Married | 17 (94.4) | 74 (89.2) | 91 (90.1) | |||
Unemployment | 14 (77.8) | 57 (69.9) | 72 (71.3) | 0.45 | −0.07 | 0.50 |
Comorbid with other diseases | 10 (55.6) | 44 (53.0) | 54 (53.5) | 0.04 | 0.02 | 0.85 |
Past psychiatric history | 7.85 | 0.28 | 0.005 | |||
No psychiatric history | 13 (72.2) | 78 (94.0) | 91 (90.1) | |||
Depressive disorder | 4 (22.2) | 1 (1.2) | 5 (5.0) | |||
Anxiety disorder | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.0) | |||
Insomnia | 4 (22.2) | 2 (2.4) | 6 (5.9) | |||
Suicide history | 1 (5.6) | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 4.66 | 0.22 | 0.031 |
Family psychiatric history | 0.23 | −0.03 | 0.89 | |||
No psychiatric history | 17 (94.4) | 77 (94.4) | 94 (93.1) | |||
Depressive disorder | 1 (5.6) | 5 (6.0) | 6 (5.9) | |||
Anxiety disorder | 0 | 1 (1.2) | 1 (1.0) | |||
Family suicide history | 0 | 5 (5.0) | 5 (5.0) | 1.14 | −0.11 | 0.29 |
Anxiolytics/Hypnotics use | 3 (16.7) | 9 (10.8) | 12 (11.9) | 0.48 | 0.07 | 0.49 |
NPRS (range) | 2.33 (0–7) | 1.19 (0–10) | 1.40 (0–10) | −2.38 | 0.52 | 0.017 |
HADS total scores | 19.00 ± 4.97 | 7.46 ± 4.96 | 9.51 ± 6.64 | −5.92 | 2.32 | <0.001 * |
HADS-D | 9.83 ± 2.96 | 3.86 ± 2.88 | 4.92 ± 3.68 | −5.65 | 2.04 | <0.001 * |
HADS-A | 9.17 ± 2.26 | 3.60 ± 2.82 | 4.59 ± 3.46 | −5.77 | 2.18 | <0.001 * |
BHS | 7.61 ± 4.59 | 2.60 ± 2.56 | 3.50 ± 3.58 | −4.42 | 1.35 | <0.001 * |
FSS | 32.39 ± 12.94 | 18.90 ± 8.70 | 21.31 ± 10.83 | −4.14 | 1.22 | <0.001 * |
BFI-10 | ||||||
Extraversion | 6.00 ± 2.70 | 5.81 ± 2.41 | 5.84 ± 2.45 | −0.27 | 0.07 | 0.79 |
Agreeableness | 6.17 ± 1.30 | 6.65 ± 1.56 | 6.56 ± 1.52 | −1.34 | −0.33 | 0.18 |
Conscientiousness | 8.28 ± 1.36 | 8.16 ± 1.81 | 8.18 ± 1.73 | −0.17 | 0.07 | 0.88 |
Neuroticism | 6.17 ± 1.58 | 4.90 ± 1.58 | 5.13 ± 1.65 | −2.54 | 0.80 | 0.011 |
Openness | 6.39 ± 1.09 | 6.42 ± 1.42 | 6.42 ± 1.37 | −0.04 | −0.02 | 0.97 |
LTEQ | 1.83 (0–3) | 0.37 (0–15) | 0.63 (0–15) | −2.58 | 0.57 | 0.01 |
CDRISC | 24.06 ± 8.08 | 32.23 ± 7.20 | 30.77 ± 7.97 | −3.78 | −1.07 | <0.001 * |
Item | β | S.E. | Wald | Odds Ratio | C.I. | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
FSS | 0.09 | 0.03 | 7.98 | 1.09 | 1.03–1.16 | 0.005 * |
BHS | 0.36 | 0.11 | 9.95 | 1.43 | 1.15–1.79 | 0.002 * |
Item | β | S.E. | Wald | Odds Ratio | C.I. | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
BHS | 0.23 | 0.14 | 2.68 | 1.25 | 0.96–1.64 | 0.101 |
CDRISC | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.39 | 1.04 | 0.92–1.17 | 0.532 |
FSS | 0.07 | 0.04 | 2.55 | 1.07 | 0.99–1.16 | 0.111 |
HADS-A | 0.55 | 0.25 | 4.75 | 1.73 | 1.26–2.82 | 0.029 * |
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Lee, Y.; Chang, Y.-Y.; Chen, Y.-F.; Lin, T.-K.; Hung, C.-F.; Chiou, Y.-J.; Wang, L.-J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression between Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Caregivers: A One-Year Prospective Study. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071305
Lee Y, Chang Y-Y, Chen Y-F, Lin T-K, Hung C-F, Chiou Y-J, Wang L-J. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression between Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Caregivers: A One-Year Prospective Study. Healthcare. 2022; 10(7):1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071305
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Yu, Yung-Yee Chang, Ying-Fa Chen, Tsu-Kung Lin, Chi-Fa Hung, Yu-Jie Chiou, and Liang-Jen Wang. 2022. "Prevalence and Risk Factors of Depression between Patients with Parkinson’s Disease and Their Caregivers: A One-Year Prospective Study" Healthcare 10, no. 7: 1305. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071305