Associations of Health-Related Physical Fitness with Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity Risk in Taiwanese Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participants, Design, and Procedure
2.2. Data Collection Procedures
2.3. Anthropometric Variables and Definition of Abdominal Obesity
2.4. Health-Related Physical Fitness Measures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Men (N = 7907) | Women (N = 10,066) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AO (n = 1238) | Non-AO (n = 6669) | p | AO (n = 2385) | Non-AO (n = 7681) | p | |
Age (years) | 41.37 ± 11.14 | 36.65 ± 10.94 | <0.0001 * | 38.78 ± 12.49 | 37.09 ± 10.63 | <0.0001 * |
Height (cm) | 172.95 ± 6.68 | 171.40 ± 6.34 | <0.0001 * | 160.70 ± 6.65 | 159.50 ± 5.50 | <0.0001 * |
Body weight (kg) | 83.87 ± 9.94 | 70.10 ± 9.85 | <0.0001 * | 64.93 ± 10.19 | 54.34 ± 6.84 | <0.0001 * |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.02 ± 2.74 | 23.84 ± 2.95 | <0.0001 * | 25.14 ± 3.63 | 21.36 ± 2.43 | <0.0001 * |
WC (cm) | 95.72 ± 5.27 | 79.54 ± 6.60 | <0.0001 * | 86.55 ± 5.85 | 71.45 ± 5.60 | <0.0001 * |
HC (cm) | 104.94 ± 5.62 | 95.74 ± 7.25 | <0.0001 * | 93.08 ± 8.17 | 90.53 ± 6.61 | <0.0001 * |
WHR | 0.91 ± 0.05 | 0.83 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 * | 0.86 ± 0.06 | 0.79 ± 0.04 | <0.0001 * |
Elementary school or lower | 1.5 | 0.4 | 3.6 | 0.7 | ||
Junior or senior school | 17.6 | 7.6 | 21.8 | 9.0 | ||
College or higher | 80.9 | 92.0 | 74.6 | 90.3 | ||
Currently employed (%) | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | ||||
Yes | 88.7 | 90.0 | 77.7 | 87.5 | ||
No | 6.3 | 7.3 | 18.5 | 10.2 | ||
Other | 5.0 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 2.3 | ||
Income level (%) | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | ||||
≤NTD 20,000 | 8.6 | 8.2 | 19.3 | 10.0 | ||
NTD 20,001–40,000 | 30.6 | 23.6 | 40.0 | 35.6 | ||
≥NTD 40,001 | 60.8 | 68.2 | 40.7 | 54.4 | ||
Marital status (%) | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | ||||
Never married | 31.7 | 44.1 | 36.0 | 41.8 | ||
Married | 65.7 | 49.6 | 58.4 | 51.8 | ||
Divorced/separation/widowed | 2.7 | 6.3 | 5.6 | 6.4 | ||
Relationship status (%) | <0.0001 * | <0.0001 * | ||||
Living with someone | 90.8 | 78.8 | 89.6 | 84.5 | ||
Not living with someone | 9.2 | 21.2 | 10.4 | 15.5 |
Variable | Men (N = 7907) | Women (N = 10,066) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AO (n = 1238) | Non-AO (n = 6669) | p | AO (n = 2385) | Non-AO (n = 7681) | p | |
3MPKS (mL/kg/min) | 39.91 ± 4.07 | 42.26 ± 5.29 | <0.0001 * | 33.00 ± 4.84 | 35.21 ± 5.14 | <0.0001 * |
Grip strength (kg) | 41.96 ± 9.09 | 41.41 ± 8.91 | 0.048 * | 26.64 ± 6.82 | 25.17 ± 5.48 | <0.0001 * |
Grip strength/BW | 0.50 ± 0.11 | 0.60 ± 0.13 | <0.0001 * | 0.42 ± 0.11 | 0.47 ± 0.10 | <0.0001 * |
Sit-and-reach test (cm) | 20.29 ± 9.89 | 21.69 ± 9.70 | <0.0001 * | 26.10 ± 9.80 | 27.66 ± 10.58 | <0.0001 * |
Variable | Model 1 (Unadjusted) | Model 2 (Adjusted a) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p | β | SE | p | |
Men (N = 7907) | ||||||
3MPKS (mL/kg/min) | −0.399 | 0.019 | <0.0001 * | −0.358 | 0.023 | <0.0001 * |
Grip strength (kg) | 0.124 | 0.011 | <0.0001 * | 0.121 | 0.011 | <0.0001 * |
Grip strength/BW | −17.629 | 0.752 | <0.0001 * | −19.596 | 0.761 | <0.0001 * |
Sit-and-reach test (cm) | −0.068 | 0.010 | <0.0001 * | −0.067 | 0.010 | <0.0001 * |
Women (N = 10,063) | ||||||
3MPKS (ml/kg/min) | −0.410 | 0.016 | <0.0001 * | −0.421 | 0.019 | <0.0001 * |
Grip strength (kg) | 0.257 | 0.014 | <0.0001 * | 0.264 | 0.014 | <0.0001 * |
Grip strength/BW | −15.173 | 0.797 | <0.0001 * | −14.959 | 0.793 | <0.0001 * |
Sit-and-reach test (cm) | −0.069 | 0.008 | <0.0001 * | −0.068 | 0.008 | <0.0001 * |
Variables | Model 1 (Unadjusted) | Model 2 (Adjusted a) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p | β | SE | p | |
Men (N = 7907) | ||||||
3MPKS (mL/kg/min) | ||||||
<38.25 (Q1) | 5.011 | 0.274 | <0.0001 * | 3.820 | 0.330 | <0.0001 * |
38.25–41.65 (Q2) | 4.800 | 0.270 | <0.0001 * | 4.265 | 0.291 | <0.0001 * |
41.66–45.55 (Q3) | 4.137 | 0.269 | <0.0001 * | 3.864 | 0.273 | <0.0001 * |
>45.55 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Grip strength/BW | ||||||
<0.50 (Q1) | 6.130 | 0.279 | <0.0001 * | 6.631 | 0.279 | <0.0001 * |
0.50–0.58 (Q2) | 4.856 | 0.270 | <0.0001 * | 5.030 | 0.266 | <0.0001 * |
0.59–0.67 (Q3) | 3.304 | 0.265 | <0.0001 * | 3.376 | 0.261 | <0.0001 * |
>0.67 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Sit-and-reach (cm) | ||||||
<14.50 (Q1) | 1.451 | 0.272 | <0.0001 * | 1.386 | 0.270 | <0.0001 * |
14.50–21.00 (Q2) | 0.619 | 0.267 | 0.020 * | 0.666 | 0.265 | 0.012 * |
21.01–28.00 (Q3) | 0.099 | 0.269 | 0.713 | 0.041 | 0.267 | 0.879 |
>28.00 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Women (N = 10,063) | ||||||
3MPKS (mL/kg/min) | ||||||
<31.17 (Q1) | 5.248 | 0.234 | <0.0001 * | 5.259 | 0.270 | <0.0001 * |
31.17–34.42 (Q2) | 3.902 | 0.232 | <0.0001 * | 4.070 | 0.242 | <0.0001 * |
34.43–37.97 (Q3) | 2.162 | 0.232 | <0.0001 * | 2.321 | 0.233 | <0.0001 * |
>37.97 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Grip strength/BW | ||||||
<0.39 (Q1) | 4.484 | 0.241 | <0.0001 * | 4.352 | 0.240 | <0.0001 * |
0.39–0.45 (Q2) | 2.043 | 0.235 | <0.0001 * | 2.110 | 0.233 | <0.0001 * |
0.46–0.52 (Q3) | 1.036 | 0.234 | <0.0001 * | 1.153 | 0.232 | <0.0001 * |
>0.52 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Sit-and-reach test (cm) | ||||||
<20.00 (Q1) | 1.726 | 0.236 | <0.0001 * | 1.704 | 0.233 | <0.0001 * |
20.00–27.00 (Q2) | 1.667 | 0.231 | <0.0001 * | 1.606 | 0.228 | <0.0001 * |
27.01–34.50 (Q3) | 1.019 | 0.233 | <0.0001 * | 0.914 | 0.230 | <0.0001 * |
>34.50 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * |
Variables | Model 1 (Unadjusted) | Model 2 (Adjusted a) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Men (N = 7907) | ||||||
3MPKS (mL/kg/min) | ||||||
<38.25 (Q1) | 6.199 | 4.881–7.874 | <0.0001 * | 4.416 | 3.367–5.792 | <0.0001 * |
38.25–41.65 (Q2) | 5.047 | 3.972–6.414 | <0.0001 * | 4.421 | 3.427–5.704 | <0.0001 * |
41.66–45.55 (Q3) | 4.310 | 3.385–5.487 | <0.0001 * | 4.207 | 3.282–5.392 | <0.0001 * |
>45.55 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Grip strength/BW | ||||||
<0.50 (Q1) | 9.081 | 6.850–12.038 | <0.0001 * | 10.060 | 7.549–13.405 | <0.0001 * |
0.50–0.58 (Q2) | 5.800 | 4.363–7.709 | <0.0001 * | 6.369 | 4.779–8.488 | <0.0001 * |
0.59–0.67 (Q3) | 3.329 | 2.475–4.478 | <0.0001 * | 3.552 | 2.635–4.789 | <0.0001 * |
>0.67 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Sit-and-reach (cm) | ||||||
<14.50 (Q1) | 1.349 | 1.131–1.610 | 0.001 * | 1.435 | 1.198–1.719 | <0.0001 * |
14.50–21.00 (Q2) | 1.087 | 0.908–1.301 | 0.362 | 1.157 | 0.963–1.391 | 0.119 |
21.01–28.00 (Q3) | 1.110 | 0.927–1.330 | 0.256 | 1.118 | 0.930–1.344 | 0.235 |
>28.00 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p = 0.002 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Women (N = 10,063) | ||||||
3MPKS (mL/kg/min) | ||||||
<31.17 (Q1) | 3.585 | 3.110–4.133 | <0.0001 * | 3.508 | 2.976–4.136 | <0.0001 * |
31.17–34.42 (Q2) | 2.313 | 2.002–2.672 | <0.0001 * | 2.396 | 2.057–2.792 | <0.0001 * |
34.43–37.97 (Q3) | 1.406 | 1.207–1.636 | <0.0001 * | 1.456 | 1.246–1.702 | <0.0001 * |
>37.97 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Grip strength/BW | ||||||
<0.39 (Q1) | 3.153 | 2.729–3.642 | <0.0001 * | 3.260 | 2.812–3.781 | <0.0001 * |
0.39–0.45 (Q2) | 1.621 | 1.397–1.882 | <0.0001 * | 1.759 | 1.509–2.050 | <0.0001 * |
0.46–0.52 (Q3) | 1.231 | 1.054–1.438 | 0.009 * | 1.342 | 1.145–1.573 | <0.0001 * |
>0.52 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * | ||||
Sit-and-reach (cm) | ||||||
<20.00 (Q1) | 1.498 | 1.302–1.723 | <0.0001 * | 1.507 | 1.306–1.739 | <0.0001 * |
20.00–27.00 (Q2) | 1.596 | 1.392–1.830 | <0.0001 * | 1.590 | 1.383–1.829 | <0.0001 * |
27.01–34.50 (Q3) | 1.375 | 1.196–1.581 | <0.0001 * | 1.353 | 1.173–1.560 | <0.0001 * |
>34.50 (Q4) | Ref. | — | — | Ref. | — | — |
Test for trend | p < 0.0001 * | p < 0.0001 * |
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Chen, Y.-T.; Lee, P.-F.; Lin, C.-F.; Su, Y.-J.; Chen, H.-L.; Chen, P.-C.; Lin, H.-Y.; Ho, C.-C. Associations of Health-Related Physical Fitness with Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity Risk in Taiwanese Adults. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071164
Chen Y-T, Lee P-F, Lin C-F, Su Y-J, Chen H-L, Chen P-C, Lin H-Y, Ho C-C. Associations of Health-Related Physical Fitness with Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity Risk in Taiwanese Adults. Healthcare. 2022; 10(7):1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071164
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Yun-Tsung, Po-Fu Lee, Chi-Fang Lin, Yan-Jhu Su, Hui-Ling Chen, Pin-Chun Chen, Hsueh-Yi Lin, and Chien-Chang Ho. 2022. "Associations of Health-Related Physical Fitness with Waist Circumference and Abdominal Obesity Risk in Taiwanese Adults" Healthcare 10, no. 7: 1164. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10071164