Emotional Intelligence among Nursing Students: Findings from a Longitudinal Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Measures
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics
3.2. EI Scores between Nursing Students in the First and Third Year of Study
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Nair, A.; Lee, D.P. Emotional intelligence in nursing. IOSR J. Nurs. Health Sci. 2016, 5, 38–42. [Google Scholar]
- Sternberg, R.J. (Ed.) Handbook of Intelligence; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2000. [Google Scholar]
- Sharon, D.; Grinberg, K. Does the level of emotional intelligence affect the degree of success in nursing studies? Nurse Educ. Today 2018, 64, 21–26. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serrat, O. Understanding and Developing Emotional Intelligence. In Knowledge Solutions: Tools, Methods, and Approaches to Drive Organizational Performance; Springer: Singapore, 2017; pp. 329–339. [Google Scholar]
- Schmidt, F.L.; Hunter, J.E. Select on Intelligence. In The Blackwell Handbook of Principles of Organizational Behaviour; Wiley: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2017; pp. 1–14. [Google Scholar]
- Petrides, K.V.; Furnham, A. The Role of Trait Emotional Intelligence in a Gender-Specific Model of Organizational Variables1. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol. 2006, 36, 552–569. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goleman, D. Emotional Intelligence: Why It Can Matter More than IQ: & Working with Emotional Intelligence; Bloomsbury: London, UK, 2004. [Google Scholar]
- Boyatzis, R.E. The Behavioral Level of Emotional Intelligence and Its Measurement. Front. Psychol. 2018, 9, 1438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kermanshahi, E.M.; Sala-Roca, J. The emotional intelligence of young individuals based on situational test of socio-emotional competences (CSE). Acad. Res. Int. 2018, 9. [Google Scholar]
- Štiglic, G.; Cilar, L.; Novak, Ž.; Vrbnjak, D.; Stenhouse, R.; Snowden, A.; Pajnkihar, M. Emotional intelligence among nursing students: Findings from a cross-sectional study. Nurse Educ. Today 2018, 66, 33–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Nightingale, S.; Spiby, H.; Sheen, K.; Slade, P. The impact of emotional intelligence in health care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings: Findings from an integrative review. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2018, 80, 106–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beauvais, A.M.; Brady, N.; O’Shea, E.R.; Griffin, M.T. Emotional intelligence and nursing performance among nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today 2011, 31, 396–401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Snowden, A.; Stenhouse, R.; Young, J.; Carver, H.; Carver, F.; Brown, N. The relationship between emotional intelligence, previous caring experience and mindfulness in student nurses and midwives: A cross sectional analysis. Nurse Educ. Today 2015, 35, 152–158. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Cleary, M.; Visentin, D.; West, S.; Lopez, V.; Kornhaber, R. Promoting emotional intelligence and resilience in undergraduate nursing students: An integrative review. Nurse Educ. Today 2018, 68, 112–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Foster, K.; Fethney, J.; McKenzie, H.; Fisher, M.; Harkness, E.; Kozlowski, D. Emotional intelligence increases over time: A longitudinal study of Australian pre-registration nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today 2017, 55, 65–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fernandez, R.; Salamonson, Y.; Griffiths, R. Emotional intelligence as a predictor of academic performance in first-year accelerated graduate entry nursing students. J. Clin. Nurs. 2012, 21, 3485–3492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Benson, G.; Ploeg, J.; Brown, B. A cross-sectional study of emotional intelligence in baccalaureate nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today 2010, 30, 49–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hajibabaee, F.; Farahani, M.A.; Ameri, Z.; Salehi, T.; Hosseini, F. The relationship between empathy and emotional intelligence among Iranian nursing students. Int. J. Med. Educ. 2018, 9, 239–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nwabuebo, E. Emotional Intelligence and Academic Achievement among Senior Black Students Enrolled in Baccalaureate Nursing Programs: Implications for Nursing Education. Ph.D. Dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis, MN, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Cheshire, M.H.; Strickland, H.P.; Ewell, P.J. Measured Emotional Intelligence in Baccalaureate Nursing Education: A Longitudinal Study. Nurs. Educ. Perspect. 2020, 41, 103–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaya, H.; Şenyuva, E.; Bodur, G. The relationship between critical thinking and emotional intelligence in nursing students: A longitudinal study. Nurse Educ. Today 2018, 68, 26–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petrides, K.V. Deriving Factor Scores from the TEIQue-SF. Available online: https://psychometriclab.com/scoring-the-teique/ (accessed on 17 September 2019).
- Petrides, K.V. Technical Mannual for the Trait Emotional Intelligence and Questionnaire (TEIQue); Psychometric Laboratory: London, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Schutte, N.S.; Malouff, J.M.; Hall, L.E.; Haggerty, D.J.; Cooper, J.T.; Golden, C.J.; Dornheim, L. Development and validation of a measure of emotional intelligence. Personal. Individ. Differ. 1998, 25, 167–177. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Perera, H.N. The Internal Structure of Responses to the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire Short-Form: An Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling Approach; University of Southern Queensland: Toowoomba, QLD, Australia, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Siegling, A.B.; Vesely, A.K.; Petrides, K.V.; Saklofske, D.H. Incremental Validity of the Trait Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire-Short Form (TEIQue-SF). J. Personal. Assess. 2015, 97, 525–535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Herr, N.; Butcher, B.; Weber, T. Emotional Intelligence, Pain Knowledge, and Pain Attitudes of Nursing Students. Pain Manag. Nurs. 2018, 17, 159–168. [Google Scholar]
- Por, J.; Barriball, L.; Fitzpatrick, J.; Roberts, J. Emotional intelligence: Its relationship to stress, coping, well-being and professional performance in nursing students. Nurse Educ. Today 2011, 31, 855–860. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishii, S. Study of the emotional intelligence of psychiatric nurses. J. Jpn. Health Med. Assoc. 2018, 27, 2–8. [Google Scholar]
- Goleman, D. Working with Emotional Intelligence; Bantam Books: New York, NY, USA, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Shipley, N.L.; Jackson, M.J.; Segrest, S. The effects of emotional intelligence, age, work experience, and academic performance. Res. High. Educ. J. 2010, 1–18. [Google Scholar]
- Brackett, M.A.; Mayer, J.D.; Warner, R.M. Emotional intelligence and its relation to everyday behaviour. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2004, 36, 1387–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cerit, E.; Beser, N.G. Levels of emotional intelligence of nursing students. Int. J. Caring Sci. 2014, 7, 936–945. [Google Scholar]
- Muris, P.; Meesters, C.; Fijen, P. The Self-Perception Profile for Children: Further evidence for its factor structure, reliability, and validity. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2003, 35, 1791–1802. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dhani, P.; Sehrawat, A.; Sharma, T. Relationship between emotional intelligence and job performance: A study in Indian context. Indian J. Sci. Technol. 2016, 9, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Goldenberg, I.; Matheson, K.; Mantler, J. The assessment of emotional intelligence: A comparison of performance-based and self report methodologies. J. Personal. Assess. 2006, 86, 33–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
First Study Year | Third Study Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full-Time | Part-Time | Full-Time | Part-Time | ||
Gender | Male | 4 | 2 | 4 | 2 |
Female | 62 | 9 | 64 | 7 | |
Total | 66 | 11 | 68 | 9 |
First Study Year | Third Study Year | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SSEIT Score | TEIQ Score | SSEIT Score | TEIQ Score | ||||||||||
Mean | SD | p-Value | Mean | SD | p-Value | Mean | SD | p-Value | Mean | SD | p-Value | ||
Dominant hand | Left | 92.40 | 14.58 | 0.410 | 154.70 | 34.14 | 0.488 | 94.10 | 12.45 | 0.381 | 156.70 | 26.00 | 0.198 |
Right | 93.39 | 12.50 | 154.36 | 21.77 | 95.52 | 14.02 | 162.81 | 20.29 | |||||
Environment | Town | 95.53 | 9.52 | 0.359 | 156.47 | 29.86 | 0.632 | 95.76 | 13.05 | 0.895 | 167.76 | 26.47 | 2.985 |
Village | 93.22 | 13.51 | 153.21 | 22.45 | 95.47 | 14.21 | 160.29 | 19.45 | |||||
Other | 85.25 | 8.85 | 164.00 | 4.69 | 88.00 | 5.66 | 163.00 | 7.07 | |||||
Employed | Yes | 91.00 | 4.24 | 0.400 | 124.00 | 4.24 | 0.031 | 90.88 | 12.69 | 0.247 | 171.88 | 21.26 | 0.488 |
No | 93.32 | 12.84 | 155.21 | 23.21 | 95.86 | 13.87 | 160.87 | 20.84 | |||||
Marital status | Single | 93.40 | 10.62 | 0.239 | 153.74 | 22.83 | 0.626 | 94.42 | 13.57 | 0.786 | 161.87 | 20.41 | 0.729 |
Living with partner | 95.85 | 16.14 | 159.35 | 24.41 | 96.46 | 15.77 | 160.50 | 22.83 | |||||
Other | 90.64 | 12.35 | 148.86 | 24.97 | 97.13 | 8.24 | 167.38 | 20.57 | |||||
Sibling birth order | Firstborn | 93.52 | 13.19 | 0.437 | 152.69 | 23.73 | 0.276 | 91.83 | 14.19 | 0.222 | 154.62 | 21.87 | 0.038 |
Middle child | 94.32 | 12.72 | 158.66 | 20.84 | 97.42 | 14.04 | 167.74 | 17.99 | |||||
Last born | 88.50 | 11.07 | 143.20 | 29.67 | 97.60 | 9.89 | 161.70 | 24.45 | |||||
Number of hours you spend at work each month | <10 h | 94.16 | 12.69 | 0.170 | 154.79 | 22.74 | 0.325 | 95.06 | 13.76 | 0.692 | 160.55 | 20.77 | 0.051 |
10–20 h | 89.40 | 8.85 | 161.60 | 21.84 | 96.25 | 17.73 | 172.00 | 15.58 | |||||
>20 h | 82.75 | 13.60 | 138.75 | 36.50 | 103.50 | 6.36 | 194.00 | 5.66 | |||||
Performance at work | Average performers | 90.18 | 13.69 | 0.004 | 146.52 | 21.99 | <0.001 | 94.29 | 15.14 | 0.258 | 158.00 | 21.04 | 0.073 |
Highly performers | 98.30 | 9.66 | 167.78 | 21.08 | 96.38 | 12.40 | 165.08 | 20.63 |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Budler, L.C.; Gosak, L.; Vrbnjak, D.; Pajnkihar, M.; Štiglic, G. Emotional Intelligence among Nursing Students: Findings from a Longitudinal Study. Healthcare 2022, 10, 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102032
Budler LC, Gosak L, Vrbnjak D, Pajnkihar M, Štiglic G. Emotional Intelligence among Nursing Students: Findings from a Longitudinal Study. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102032
Chicago/Turabian StyleBudler, Leona Cilar, Lucija Gosak, Dominika Vrbnjak, Majda Pajnkihar, and Gregor Štiglic. 2022. "Emotional Intelligence among Nursing Students: Findings from a Longitudinal Study" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 2032. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10102032