The Effects of Online Social Interactions on Life Satisfaction of Older Chinese Adults: New Insights Based on a Longitudinal Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. The Current Study
4. Data and Methods
5. Empirical Findings
5.1. The Effects of OSIs on the Life Satisfaction of Older Chinese Adults
5.2. Heterogeneity Analysis across Sub-Groups
5.3. Explorations into the Mechanisms
5.4. Cross-Lagged Analyses of How OSIs Work through Reducing Loneliness
5.5. Discussion on Online Activities for Different Purposes
5.6. Robustness with Alternative Measures
6. Conclusions and Policy Implication
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Dependent Variable | Life Satisfaction | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Urban | Rural | Male | Female | 60 and above | 65 and above | 70 and above | 75 and above | 80 and above | |
OSIs | 0.031 *** | 0.041 * | 0.035 *** | 0.032 ** | 0.032 *** | 0.033 ** | 0.062 ** | 0.077 * | 0.152 |
(0.011) | (0.025) | (0.013) | (0.016) | (0.010) | (0.015) | (0.027) | (0.044) | (0.096) | |
Local Social Status | 0.187 *** | 0.242 *** | 0.226 *** | 0.213 *** | 0.221 *** | 0.219 *** | 0.225 *** | 0.163 *** | 0.140 *** |
(0.013) | (0.012) | (0.012) | (0.013) | (0.009) | (0.011) | (0.016) | (0.024) | (0.046) | |
Health Observed | 0.051 *** | 0.053 *** | 0.067 *** | 0.040 *** | 0.055 *** | 0.051 *** | 0.047 *** | 0.044 * | 0.076 |
(0.014) | (0.013) | (0.013) | (0.014) | (0.009) | (0.012) | (0.017) | (0.026) | (0.048) | |
Constant | 2.826 *** | 2.693 *** | 2.841 *** | 3.197 *** | 2.666 *** | 2.324 *** | 3.167 *** | 3.340 *** | 2.512 *** |
(0.604) | (0.319) | (0.585) | (0.622) | (0.697) | (0.514) | (0.344) | (0.467) | (0.764) | |
Observations | 6951 | 7994 | 7865 | 7513 | 15,788 | 9128 | 4483 | 1793 | 568 |
R-squared | 0.555 | 0.536 | 0.563 | 0.517 | 0.553 | 0.553 | 0.542 | 0.550 | 0.506 |
Dependent Variable | Life Satisfaction | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Education Group | ILLITERATE | PRIMARY | JUNIOR | SENIOR | HIGHER |
Social Status | −0.012 | 0.041 * | 0.036 ** | 0.036 ** | 0.053 ** |
(0.035) | (0.024) | (0.015) | (0.017) | (0.026) | |
Local Status | 0.225 *** | 0.215 *** | 0.207 *** | 0.231 *** | 0.029 |
(0.013) | (0.018) | (0.021) | (0.035) | (0.066) | |
Health | 0.053 *** | 0.052 *** | 0.042 * | 0.098 ** | 0.104 |
(0.014) | (0.019) | (0.022) | (0.040) | (0.066) | |
Constant | 3.185 *** | 3.195 *** | 3.178 *** | 2.946 *** | 3.609 *** |
(0.053) | (0.074) | (0.088) | (0.148) | (0.285) | |
Observations | 6913 | 3791 | 2641 | 1085 | 371 |
R-squared | 0.507 | 0.557 | 0.621 | 0.584 | 0.555 |
Dependent Variable | Life Satisfaction | ||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Social Status | LOWEST | 2 | 3 | 4 | HIGHEST |
Group | |||||
OSIs | 0.171 ** | 0.078 * | 0.027 | 0.031 | 0.030 |
(0.075) | (0.040) | (0.017) | (0.023) | (0.049) | |
Constant | 2.915 *** | 3.457 *** | 3.702 *** | 4.129 *** | 4.711 *** |
(0.179) | (0.113) | (0.049) | (0.070) | (0.083) | |
Observations | 489 | 774 | 4446 | 1625 | 1102 |
R-squared | 0.654 | 0.651 | 0.569 | 0.601 | 0.508 |
Dependent Variable | Life Satisfaction | ||||
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | |
Areas | Western | Central | Eastern | Northeast | Nation |
OSIs | 0.025 | 0.042 ** | 0.026 * | 0.047 ** | 0.034 *** |
(0.025) | (0.021) | (0.015) | (0.024) | (0.010) | |
Constant | 2.412 *** | 3.176 *** | 2.706 *** | 3.385 *** | 3.012 *** |
(0.396) | (0.458) | (0.647) | (0.672) | (0.586) | |
Observations | 3742 | 3777 | 5488 | 2348 | 15,387 |
R-squared | 0.540 | 0.521 | 0.561 | 0.512 | 0.539 |
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Variables | Obs. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Life Satisfaction: 1–5, from the lowest level of satisfaction to the highest level | |||||
15,386 | 4.022 | 1.000 | 1 | 5 | |
Online Behaviors: 0 represents never; 1 represents once in several months; 2 represents once a month; 3 represents 2–3 times a month; 4 represents 1–2 times a week; 5 represents 3–4 times a week; 6 represents everyday | |||||
Online Social Interactions | 15,386 | 0.234 | 1.106 | 0 | 6 |
Online Education | 15,386 | 0.137 | 0.830 | 0 | 6 |
Online Commerce | 15,386 | 0.041 | 0.409 | 0 | 6 |
Online Entertainment | 15,386 | 0.256 | 1.142 | 0 | 6 |
Workout: total number of all kinds of outdoor workouts during the past week | |||||
15,379 | 3.116 | 3.658 | 0 | 50 | |
Time on TV and Movie: minutes per week | |||||
15,357 | 13.938 | 12.125 | 0 | 154 | |
Reading: 0–1, have read paper books or electronic books or not in the past year | |||||
15,383 | 0.116 | 0.321 | 0 | 1 | |
Interpersonal Trust: 0–20 sum of trust in strangers and neighbors ranging 0–10, from least to most | |||||
15,279 | 8.729 | 3.345 | 0 | 20 | |
Frequency of Family Dinner Together: times during the week | |||||
14,480 | 6.568 | 1.533 | 0 | 7 | |
Local Social Status:1–5, from the lowest to the highest level | |||||
15,386 | 3.220 | 1.119 | 1 | 5 | |
Perceived Health Status: 1–5, from the worst to the best | |||||
15,386 | 2.498 | 1.211 | 1 | 5 | |
Marital Status: 1 = single; 2 = married with spouse; 3 = cohabitation; 4 = divorced; 5 = widow | |||||
1 | 15,386 | 0.008 | 0.090 | 0 | 1 |
2 | 15,386 | 0.822 | 0.383 | 0 | 1 |
3 | 15,386 | 0.004 | 0.062 | 0 | 1 |
4 | 15,386 | 0.010 | 0.099 | 0 | 1 |
5 | 15,386 | 0.156 | 0.363 | 0 | 1 |
Frequency of…: 0–5, from never to frequently | |||||
Call Net-Friends | 15,386 | 0.005 | 0.117 | 0 | 5 |
Meet Net-Friends | 15,386 | 0.004 | 0.093 | 0 | 5 |
Become True Friends | 15,386 | 0.005 | 0.104 | 0 | 5 |
Dependent Variable | Life Satisfaction | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Data and Panel Studies | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | ||
14–18 | 14–18 | 14–18 | 14 & 18 | 16 & 18 | 14–18 | |||
OSIs | 0.036 *** | 0.036 *** | 0.034 *** | 0.040 *** | 0.047 *** | OSIs×2018 | 0.046 *** | (0.011) |
(0.010) | (0.010) | (0.010) | (0.012) | (0.014) | OSIs×2016 | 0.0005 | (0.015) | |
Constant | 4.014 *** | 4.099 *** | 3.012 *** | 2.009 *** | 2.865 *** | OSIs×2014 | 0.020 | (0.025) |
(0.007) | (0.555) | (0.586) | (0.534) | (0.728) | Constant | 2.844 *** | (0.240) | |
Controls | No | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Controls | Yes | |
Province Fixed Effect | No | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Province Fixed Effect | Yes | |
Individual Fixed Effect | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Individual Fixed Effect | Yes | |
Observations | 15,499 | 15,493 | 15,386 | 10,030 | 10,118 | Observations | 15,386 | |
R-squared | 0.503 | 0.504 | 0.539 | 0.629 | 0.648 | R-squared | 0.539 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | Workout | Smoking | Time watching TV and movies | Reading | Number of dinners with family | Calls with net-friends | Meetings with net-friends | Became friends in reality | Interpersonal trust |
OSIs | 0.095 *** | 0.000 | −0.318 *** | 0.006 ** | 0.007 | 0.008 *** | 0.007 *** | 0.006 *** | 0.069 ** |
(0.035) | (0.002) | (0.109) | (0.003) | (0.016) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.001) | (0.033) | |
Observations | 15,382 | 15,389 | 15,359 | 15,386 | 14,380 | 15,389 | 15,389 | 15,389 | 15,274 |
R-squared | 0.557 | 0.874 | 0.618 | 0.638 | 0.496 | 0.549 | 0.505 | 0.526 | 0.550 |
Dependent Variable | Life Satisfaction | ||||||||
Mechanism of Interest | Workout | Smoking | Time watching TV and movies | Reading | Number of dinners with family | Calls with net-friends | Meetings with net-friends | Became friends in reality | Interpersonal trust |
0.014 *** | 0.043 | 0.003 *** | 0.058 * | 0.004 | −0.024 | 0.006 | −0.016 | 0.023 *** | |
(0.003) | (0.042) | (0.001) | (0.035) | (0.006) | (0.086) | (0.103) | (0.094) | (0.003) | |
Observations | 15,379 | 15,386 | 15,356 | 15,383 | 14,379 | 15,386 | 15,386 | 15,386 | 15,272 |
R-squared | 0.540 | 0.538 | 0.539 | 0.538 | 0.538 | 0.538 | 0.538 | 0.538 | 0.542 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Dependent Variables | LS | Workouts | Time watching TV and movies | Dinners with family | Reading | Interpersonal trust |
Online Education | 0.016 | 0.053 | −0.095 | 0.034 | 0.024 *** | 0.041 |
(0.014) | (0.050) | (0.153) | (0.023) | (0.004) | (0.046) | |
Constant | 3.184 *** | 2.274 *** | 14.314 *** | 6.726 *** | 0.099 *** | 7.610 *** |
(0.036) | (0.129) | (0.399) | (0.060) | (0.010) | (0.120) | |
Observations | 15,386 | 15,382 | 15,359 | 14,380 | 15,386 | 15,274 |
R-squared | 0.538 | 0.557 | 0.617 | 0.496 | 0.639 | 0.550 |
Dependent Variables | LS | Workouts | Time watching TV and movies | Dinners with family | Reading | Interpersonal trust |
Online Commerce | 0.021 | 0.021 | −0.027 | −0.085 ** | −0.006 | 0.066 |
(0.024) | (0.085) | (0.262) | (0.039) | (0.007) | (0.079) | |
Constant | 3.185 *** | 2.280 *** | 14.303 *** | 6.735 *** | 0.103 *** | 7.612 *** |
(0.036) | (0.129) | (0.398) | (0.060) | (0.010) | (0.120) | |
Observations | 15,386 | 15,382 | 15,359 | 14,380 | 15,386 | 15,274 |
R-squared | 0.538 | 0.557 | 0.617 | 0.496 | 0.638 | 0.550 |
Dependent Variables | LS | Workouts | Time watching TV and movies | Dinners with family | Reading | Interpersonal trust |
Online Entertainment | 0.028 *** | 0.028 | −0.115 | 0.010 | 0.006 ** | 0.018 |
(0.010) | (0.036) | (0.112) | (0.016) | (0.003) | (0.034) | |
Constant | 3.179 *** | 2.274 *** | 14.334 *** | 6.728 *** | 0.101 *** | 7.611 *** |
(0.036) | (0.129) | (0.399) | (0.060) | (0.010) | (0.121) | |
Observations | 15,386 | 15,382 | 15,359 | 14,380 | 15,386 | 15,274 |
R-squared | 0.539 | 0.557 | 0.618 | 0.496 | 0.638 | 0.550 |
Dependent Variables | LS | Workout | Time Watching TV and Movies | Weekly Family Dinner Together | Calling net-Friends | Meeting net-Friends | Becoming Friends in Reality | Reading | Interpersonal Trust |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Panel A | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
Whether OSIs | 0.187 *** | 0.473 ** | −1.733 *** | 0.017 | 0.051 *** | 0.046 *** | 0.046 *** | 0.035 ** | 0.325 * |
(0.052) | (0.187) | (0.574) | (0.085) | (0.006) | (0.005) | (0.005) | (0.015) | (0.173) | |
Constant | 3.178 *** | 2.260 *** | 14.380 *** | 6.729 *** | −0.002 | −0.002 | 0.000 | 0.101 *** | 7.601 *** |
(0.036) | (0.129) | (0.399) | (0.060) | (0.004) | (0.003) | (0.004) | (0.010) | (0.120) | |
Observations | 15,386 | 15,382 | 15,359 | 14,380 | 15,389 | 15,389 | 15,389 | 15,386 | 15,274 |
R-squared | 0.539 | 0.557 | 0.618 | 0.496 | 0.550 | 0.506 | 0.528 | 0.638 | 0.550 |
Panel B | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) |
Base Group: | Never Use | ||||||||
1. Once in several months | 0.276 | 0.435 | −0.858 | −0.052 | 0.040 | 0.039 * | 0.039 | 0.204 *** | 0.531 |
(0.238) | (0.854) | (2.630) | (0.400) | (0.028) | (0.023) | (0.025) | (0.068) | (0.788) | |
2. Once a month | 0.253 | 0.206 | −2.397 | −0.007 | 0.038 | 0.038 | 0.036 | −0.043 | 0.200 |
(0.242) | (0.869) | (2.678) | (0.397) | (0.028) | (0.023) | (0.025) | (0.069) | (0.803) | |
3. 2–3 times a month | 0.076 | 0.713 | −1.620 | 0.172 | 0.027 | 0.027 | 0.114 *** | 0.168 *** | −0.434 |
(0.178) | (0.638) | (1.966) | (0.312) | (0.021) | (0.017) | (0.019) | (0.051) | (0.592) | |
4. 1–2 times a week | 0.168 | −0.035 | −1.948 * | −0.078 | 0.094 *** | 0.097 *** | 0.100 *** | −0.021 | 0.225 |
(0.104) | (0.373) | (1.151) | (0.171) | (0.012) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.030) | (0.345) | |
5. 3–4 times a week | 0.164 | 0.457 | −1.116 | −0.185 | 0.105 *** | 0.078 *** | 0.081 *** | −0.051 * | 0.132 |
(0.109) | (0.391) | (1.205) | (0.177) | (0.013) | (0.010) | (0.011) | (0.031) | (0.361) | |
6. OSIs everyday | 0.204 *** | 0.624 *** | −1.870 *** | 0.096 | 0.026 *** | 0.025 *** | 0.012 * | 0.058 *** | 0.498 ** |
(0.064) | (0.230) | (0.708) | (0.105) | (0.007) | (0.006) | (0.007) | (0.018) | (0.213) | |
Observations | 15,386 | 15,382 | 15,359 | 14,380 | 15,389 | 15,389 | 15,389 | 15,386 | 15,274 |
R-squared | 0.539 | 0.557 | 0.618 | 0.496 | 0.553 | 0.509 | 0.532 | 0.639 | 0.550 |
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Zhou, D.; Xu, Y.; Ai, P. The Effects of Online Social Interactions on Life Satisfaction of Older Chinese Adults: New Insights Based on a Longitudinal Approach. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101964
Zhou D, Xu Y, Ai P. The Effects of Online Social Interactions on Life Satisfaction of Older Chinese Adults: New Insights Based on a Longitudinal Approach. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101964
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Dong, Yi Xu, and Pengya Ai. 2022. "The Effects of Online Social Interactions on Life Satisfaction of Older Chinese Adults: New Insights Based on a Longitudinal Approach" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 1964. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101964