Association between Mental Health and Hand Hygiene Practices in Adults with Hypertension and Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The 2020 Korea Community Health Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Mental Health
2.3. Hand Hygiene Practice
2.4. Covariate
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lee, G.B.; Kim, Y.; Park, S.; Kim, H.C.; Oh, K. Obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hypercholesterolemia in Korean adults before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: A special report of the 2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Epidemiol. Health 2022, 44, e2022041. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pal, R.; Bhadada, S.K. COVID-19 and non-communicable diseases. Postgrad. Med. J. 2020, 96, 429–430. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodriguez-Morales, A.J.; Cardona-Ospina, J.A.; Gutiérrez-Ocampo, E.; Villamizar-Peña, R.; Holguin-Rivera, Y.; Escalera-Antezana, J.P.; Alvarado-Arnez, L.E.; Bonilla-Aldana, D.K.; Franco-Paredes, C.; Henao-Martinez, A.F. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med. Infect. Dis. 2020, 34, 101623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bae, S.; Kim, S.R.; Kim, M.N.; Shim, W.J.; Park, S.M. Impact of cardiovascular disease and risk factors on fatal outcomes in patients with COVID-19 according to age: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart 2021, 107, 373–380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Renu, K.; Prasanna, P.L.; Valsala Gopalakrishnan, A. Coronaviruses pathogenesis, comorbidities and multi-organ damage—A review. Life Sci. 2020, 255, 117839. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sensoy, B.; Gunes, A.; Ari, S. Anxiety and depression levels in Covid-19 disease and their relation to hypertension. Clin. Exp. Hypertens. 2021, 43, 237–241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Singhai, K.; Swami, M.K.; Nebhinani, N.; Rastogi, A.; Jude, E. Psychological adaptive difficulties and their management during COVID-19 pandemic in people with diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2020, 14, 1603–1605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Celik, M.; Yilmaz, Y.; Karagoz, A.; Kahyaoglu, M.; Cakmak, E.O.; Kup, A.; Celik, F.B.; Karaduman, A.; Kulahcioglu, S.; Izci, S.; et al. Anxiety disorder associated with the COVID-19 pandemic causes deterioration of blood pressure control in primary hypertensive patients. Medeni. Med. J. 2021, 36, 83–90. [Google Scholar]
- Alessi, J.; de Oliveira, G.B.; Franco, D.W.; Brino do Amaral, B.; Becker, A.S.; Knijnik, C.P.; Kobe, G.L.; de Carvalho, T.R.; Telo, G.H.; Schaan, B.D.; et al. Mental health in the era of COVID-19: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in a cohort of patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes during the social distancing. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2020, 12, 76. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, S.K.; Lakshmi, P.V.M.; Kaur, M.; Rastogi, A. Role of self-care in COVID-19 pandemic for people living with comorbidities of diabetes and hypertension. J. Family Med. Prim. Care 2020, 9, 5495–5501. [Google Scholar]
- Park, S. A study on the perception of hand washing and health status in Korean adults. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021, 100, e24421. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cucinotta, D.; Vanelli, M. WHO declares COVID-19 a pandemic. Acta Biomed. 2020, 91, 157–160. [Google Scholar]
- Beale, S.; Johnson, A.M.; Zambon, M.; Flu Watch, G.; Hayward, A.C.; Fragaszy, E.B. Hand hygiene practices and the risk of human coronavirus infections in a UK community cohort. Wellcome Open Res. 2021, 5, 98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jefferson, T.; Del Mar, C.B.; Dooley, L.; Ferroni, E.; Al-Ansary, L.A.; Bawazeer, G.A.; van Driel, M.L.; Nair, S.; Jones, M.A.; Thorning, S.; et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2020, 11, Cd006207. [Google Scholar]
- Solomou, I.; Constantinidou, F. Prevalence and predictors of anxiety and depression symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic and compliance with precautionary measures: Age and sex matter. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 4924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Aldhmadi, B.K.; Kumar, R.; Itumalla, R.; Perera, B. Depressive symptomatology and practice of safety measures among undergraduate students during COVID-19: Impact of gender. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 4924. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, X.; Luo, W.T.; Li, Y.; Li, C.N.; Hong, Z.S.; Chen, H.L.; Xiao, F.; Xia, J.Y. Psychological status and behavior changes of the public during the COVID-19 epidemic in China. Infect. Dis. Poverty 2020, 9, 58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pati, S.; Mahapatra, P.; Kanungo, S.; Uddin, A.; Sahoo, K.C. Managing multimorbidity (multiple chronic diseases) amid COVID-19 pandemic: A community based study from Odisha, India. Front. Public Health 2021, 8, 584408. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gautam, V.; Dileepan, S.; Rustagi, N.; Mittal, A.; Patel, M.; Shafi, S.; Thirunavukkarasu, P.; Raghav, P. Health literacy, preventive COVID 19 behaviour and adherence to chronic disease treatment during lockdown among patients registered at primary health facility in urban Jodhpur, Rajasthan. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2021, 15, 205–211. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kang, Y.W.; Ko, Y.S.; Kim, Y.J.; Sung, K.M.; Kim, H.J.; Choi, H.Y.; Sung, C.; Jeong, E. Korea Community Health Survey Data Profiles. Osong Public Health Res. Perspect. 2015, 6, 211–217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eriksson, K.; Dickins, T.E.; Strimling, P. Global sex differences in hygiene norms and their relation to sex equality. PLOS Glob. Public Health 2022, 2, e0000591. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, C.; Lee, S.H.; Han, K.M.; Yoon, H.K.; Han, C. Comparison of the usefulness of the PHQ-8 and PHQ-9 for screening for major depressive disorder: Analysis of psychiatric outpatient data. Psychiatry Investig. 2019, 16, 300–305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saqib, M.A.N.; Siddiqui, S.; Qasim, M.; Jamil, M.A.; Rafique, I.; Awan, U.A.; Ahmad, H.; Afzal, M.S. Effect of COVID-19 lockdown on patients with chronic diseases. Diabetes Metab. Syndr. 2020, 14, 1621–1623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Varshney, M.; Parel, J.T.; Raizada, N.; Sarin, S.K. Initial psychological impact of COVID-19 and its correlates in Indian community: An online (FEEL-COVID) survey. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0233874. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hall, G.; Laddu, D.R.; Phillips, S.A.; Lavie, C.J.; Arena, R. A tale of two pandemics: How will COVID-19 and global trends in physical inactivity and sedentary behavior affect one another? Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2021, 64, 108–110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency. Show me the Science—How to Wash Your Hands. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/handwashing/show-me-the-science-handwashing.html. (accessed on 20 August 2022).
- Hirose, R.; Ikegaya, H.; Naito, Y.; Watanabe, N.; Yoshida, T.; Bandou, R.; Daidoji, T.; Itoh, Y.; Nakaya, T. Survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and influenza virus on human skin: Importance of hand hygiene in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Clin. Infect. Dis. 2021, 73, e4329–e4335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kusuma, D.; Pradeepa, R.; Khawaja, K.I.; Hasan, M.; Siddiqui, S.; Mahmood, S.; Ali Shah, S.M.; De Silva, C.K.; de Silva, L.; Gamage, M.; et al. Low uptake of COVID-19 prevention behaviours and high socioeconomic impact of lockdown measures in South Asia: Evidence from a large-scale multi-country surveillance programme. Popul. Health 2021, 13, 100751. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sun, Z.; Yang, B.; Zhang, R.; Cheng, X. Influencing factors of understanding COVID-19 risks and coping behaviors among the elderly population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 5889. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.; Kim, S. Analysis of the impact of health beliefs and resource factors on preventive behaviors against the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 8666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nikoloski, Z.; Alqunaibet, A.M.; Alfawaz, R.A.; Almudarra, S.S.; Herbst, C.H.; El-Saharty, S.; Alsukait, R.; Algwizani, A. Covid-19 and non-communicable diseases: Evidence from a systematic literature review. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1068. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stickley, A.; Matsubayashi, T.; Sueki, H.; Ueda, M. COVID-19 preventive behaviours among people with anxiety and depressive symptoms: Findings from Japan. Public Health 2020, 189, 91–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serpas, D.G.; Ignacio, D.A. COVID-19 fear mediates the relationship between perceived risk and preventive behaviors: The moderating role of perceived effectiveness. Psychol. Health 2021, 29, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kwok, K.O.; Li, K.K.; Chan, H.H.H.; Yi, Y.Y.; Tang, A.; Wei, W.I.; Wong, S.Y.S. Community responses during early phase of COVID-19 epidemic, Hong Kong. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 2020, 26, 1575–1579. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.; Rao, N.; Han, B. Pathways improving compliance with preventive behaviors during the remission period of the COVID-19 pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 3512. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | With HTN or DM (N = 74,296) | Without HTN and DM (N = 74,296) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | |
Sex | ||||
Male | 34,030 | 45.8 | 34,030 | 45.8 |
Female | 40,266 | 54.2 | 40,266 | 54.2 |
Age | ||||
19–29 | 427 | 0.6 | 12,431 | 16.7 |
30–49 | 6119 | 8.2 | 26,456 | 35.6 |
50–64 | 23,593 | 31.8 | 21,700 | 29.2 |
≥65 | 44,151 | 59.4 | 13,705 | 18.5 |
Education level | ||||
≤Middle school | 43,761 | 59.0 | 16,799 | 22.6 |
High school | 19,308 | 26.0 | 28,229 | 38.0 |
≥College | 11,120 | 15.0 | 29,185 | 39.4 |
Family type | ||||
Living with spouse | 31,225 | 42.0 | 18,160 | 24.4 |
Living alone | 16,151 | 21.7 | 9495 | 12.8 |
Others | 26,918 | 36.3 | 46,637 | 62.8 |
Monthly income | ||||
High | 18,410 | 24.8 | 27,827 | 37.5 |
Middle–high | 9399 | 12.7 | 16,838 | 22.7 |
Middle–low | 21,911 | 29.5 | 20,077 | 27.0 |
Low | 24,576 | 33.0 | 9554 | 12.8 |
Location of residence | ||||
Urban (dong) | 34,518 | 46.5 | 45,293 | 61.0 |
Rural (eup or myeon) | 39,778 | 53.5 | 29,003 | 39.0 |
Subjective health status | ||||
Good | 23,242 | 31.3 | 41,616 | 56.0 |
Poor | 51,051 | 68.7 | 32,677 | 44.0 |
Current smoker | ||||
No | 63,964 | 86.1 | 60,104 | 80.9 |
Yes | 10,318 | 13.9 | 14,181 | 19.1 |
Current alcohol user | ||||
No | 48,736 | 65.6 | 37,050 | 49.9 |
Yes | 25,554 | 34.4 | 37,245 | 50.1 |
Duration of disease | ||||
≤5 years | 65,197 | 87.8 | ||
>5 years | 9099 | 12.2 | ||
Disease treatment | ||||
Non-pharmacologic methods (exercise, diet) | 23,317 | 31.4 | ||
Pharmacologic therapy | 70,964 | 95.5 |
Characteristics | With HTN or DM | Without HTN or DM | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Mental Health Status | |||||
Anxiety about COVID-19 infection | |||||
No | 19,366 | 26.1 | 23,014 | 31.0 | <0.001 |
Yes | 54,896 | 73.9 | 51,264 | 69.0 | |
aOR (95% CI) for anxiety about COVID-19 infection a | 1.04 (1.02–1.07) | 1.00 | |||
Anxiety about death due to COVID-19 infection | |||||
No | 33,941 | 45.7 | 44,013 | 59.3 | <0.001 |
Yes | 40,274 | 54.3 | 30,237 | 40.7 | |
aOR (95% CI) for anxiety about death a | 1.11 (1.09–1.14) | 1.00 | |||
Depression (PHQ-9) | |||||
<10 | 71,345 | 96.5 | 72,151 | 97.4 | <0.001 |
≥10 | 2578 | 3.5 | 1918 | 2.6 | |
aOR (95% CI) for ≥10 b | 1.11 (1.03–1.20) | 1.00 |
Characteristics | With HTN or DM | Without HTN or DM | p * | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | % | N | % | ||
Handwashing before eating | |||||
No | 4507 | 6.1 | 3696 | 5.0 | <0.001 |
Yes | 69,787 | 93.9 | 70,598 | 95.0 | |
aOR (95% CI) for handwashing before eating a | 1.00 (0.95–1.06) | 1.00 | |||
Handwashing after using the restroom | |||||
No | 4298 | 5.8 | 2484 | 3.3 | <0.001 |
Yes | 69,993 | 94.2 | 71809 | 96.7 | |
aOR (95% CI) for handwashing after using the restroom a | 1.09 (1.03–1.16) | 1.00 | |||
Handwashing after returning from the outdoors | |||||
No | 4381 | 5.9 | 2655 | 3.6 | <0.001 |
Yes | 69,857 | 94.1 | 71,613 | 96.4 | |
aOR (95% CI) for handwashing after returning from the outdoor a | 0.93 (0.88–0.99) | 1.00 | |||
Handwashing for at least 30 s a | |||||
No | 14,803 | 19.9 | 12,252 | 16.5 | <0.001 |
Yes | 59,487 | 80.1 | 62,029 | 83.5 | |
aOR (95% CI) for handwashing for at least 30 s a | 1.03 (0.99–1.06) | 1.00 | |||
Handwashing with soap or hand sanitizer | |||||
No | 10,334 | 14.0 | 6180 | 8.3 | <0.001 |
Yes | 63,745 | 86.0 | 67,978 | 91.7 | |
aOR (95% CI) for handwashing with soap or hand sanitizer a | 1.03 (0.99–1.07) | 1.00 |
Characteristics | Anxiety About COVID-19 Infection a | Anxiety About Death Due to COVID-19 Infection a | Depression b |
---|---|---|---|
aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | aOR (95% CI) | |
Handwashing before eating | 1.59 (1.49–1.69) | 1.45 (1.36–1.55) | 0.50 (0.44–0.57) |
Handwashing after using the restroom | 1.61 (1.51–1.72) | 1.39 (1.30–1.48) | 0.51 (0.45–0.59) |
Handwashing after returning from outdoors | 1.69 (1.58–1.80) | 1.57 (1.48–1.68) | 0.51 (0.45–0.58) |
Handwashing for at least 30 s | 1.45 (1.39–1.51) | 1.45 (1.39–1.50) | 0.73 (0.67–0.80) |
Handwashing with soap or hand sanitizer | 1.43 (1.36–1.50) | 1.31 (1.25–1.36) | 0.63(0.57–0.70) |
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, P.; Kim, H.R. Association between Mental Health and Hand Hygiene Practices in Adults with Hypertension and Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The 2020 Korea Community Health Survey. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101912
Kim P, Kim HR. Association between Mental Health and Hand Hygiene Practices in Adults with Hypertension and Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The 2020 Korea Community Health Survey. Healthcare. 2022; 10(10):1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101912
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Pius, and Hae Ran Kim. 2022. "Association between Mental Health and Hand Hygiene Practices in Adults with Hypertension and Diabetes during the COVID-19 Pandemic: The 2020 Korea Community Health Survey" Healthcare 10, no. 10: 1912. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10101912