Analysis of North American Newspaper Coverage of Bionics Using the Disability Studies Framework
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Bionics and Disabled People
1.2. Bionics and Non-Disabled People
1.3. Switching Sides
2. Methods
2.1. Analytical Framework
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Limitations
3. Results
3.1. Who is Mentioned?
Codes | Canadian Newsstand Complete n = 4,826 | Calgary Herald n = 270 | The Globe and Mail n = 392 | The New York Times n = 492 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Aboriginal People/Indigenous People/First nations | 7/3/0 | 2/0/0 | 2/0/0 | 0/3/0 |
Amputee | 118 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
Business | 1,296 | 49 | 89 | 138 |
Caregiver | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Corporate | 129 | 5 | 21 | 129 |
Cyborg | 55 | 5 | 2 | 10 |
Family/ies | 1,062/175 | 61 | 89 | 1,130 |
Government | 425 | 32 | 50 | 38 |
Immigrants | 22 | 2 | 5 | 6 |
Impair* | 71 | 3 | 0 | 71 |
Industry | 534 | 34 | 56 | 87 |
Inuit | 17 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Military | 255 | 12 | 19 | 27 |
Nurses | 33 | 3 | 8 | 3 |
Parents | 125 | 28 | 36 | 71 |
Patient | 323 | 27 | 33 | 60 |
People with Disabilities/disabled people | 8/27 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 1/5 |
Physicians | 46 | 4 | 8 | 19 |
Society | 391 | 31 | 27 | 56 |
Soldier | 171 | 10 | 12 | 24 |
The poor | 38 | 3 | 4 | 12 |
Therapist | 75 | 4 | 7 | 9 |
Veteran | 348 | 23 | 32 | 35 |
Women | 888 | 115 | 195 | 221 |
3.2. Which Products are Mentioned?
Codes | Canadian Newsstand n = 4,826 | Calgary Herald n = 270 | The Globe and Mail n = 392 | The New York Times n = 492 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bionic organ | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Arm | 162 | 32 | 50 | 96 |
Brain | 24 | 29 | 39 | 71 |
Brain computer | 6 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
Cochlear implant | 71 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
Ear | 104 | 18 | 24 | 58 |
Exoskeleton | 21 | 3 | 1 | 7 |
Eye | 84 | 56 | 70 | 136 |
Foot | 3 | 38 | 50 | 114 |
Hand | 62 | 58 | 88 | 157 |
Heart | 726 | 39 | 59 | 104 |
Leg | 82 | 42 | 36 | 79 |
Liver | 45 | 2 | 8 | 8 |
Wheelchair | 101 | 5 | 9 | 16 |
3.3. How are Bionics, Disabled People and Their Assistive Devices Portrayed?
Codes | Canadian Newsstand Complete n = 4,826 | Calgary Herald n = 270 | The Globe and Mail n = 392 | The New York Times n = 492 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Amputee | 118 | 12 | 12 | 13 |
Caregiver | 4 | 0 | 0 | 9 |
Disease | 321 | 24 | 21 | 41 |
Health | 510 | 31 | 34 | 57 |
Impair* | 71 | 3 | 0 | 71 |
Nurses | 33 | 3 | 8 | 3 |
Patient | 323 | 27 | 33 | 60 |
People with Disabilities/disabled people | 8/27 | 0/1 | 0/0 | 1/5 |
Physicians | 46 | 4 | 8 | 19 |
Therapist | 75 | 4 | 7 | 9 |
Treatment | 206 | 23 | 18 | 36 |
Codes | Canadian Newsstand Complete n = 4,826 | Calgary Herald n = 270 | The Globe and Mail n = 392 | The New York Times n = 492 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deaf Culture | 7 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
Cochlear implant | 71 | 1 | 4 | 8 |
- “Gore, who played sports in high school and worked on the family farm before his fall, is eager to see prices drop and insurers decide that the expense of an exoskeleton outweighs the medical costs of keeping the disabled in wheelchairs” [112];
- “to help people who use wheelchairs to stand and walk again” [122];
- “Harder to quantify are intangible benefits, such as what it means for someone who has been in a wheelchair for decades to simply to be able to stand, walk around and look people in the eye again” [122];
- “As soon as I was out of the wheelchair, I was teaching myself to walk again as well as swim” [115];
- “That’s one of the reasons I was successful at it, because it was a new me, a new normal... It gives me a huge sense of freedom that someone using a wheelchair will never have” [123];
- “He had a prosthetic leg, but usually opted to use a wheelchair because it was easier to get around. Walking with his artificial metal leg, which has a locked knee joint, was a challenge… Blake will soon have the freedom to walk where he chooses with a C-Leg Compact, manufactured by Otto Bock” [124];
- “Amanda Boxtel stands from her wheelchair and takes a few tentative steps. She beams as the bionic skeleton she is wearing helps propel her legs forward. Bionic skeletons, known as exoskeletons, are the latest technology in the race to help paraplegics achieve the impossible and walk again” [125];
- “After years spent learning to live and thrive in a wheelchair, Mr. Bobblitt has a new set of goals. ‘I don’t really focus on walking because you don’t want to get your hopes up,’ he said. ‘But just being able to stand up out of the chair and transfer to the bed or get something off the counter makes me wonder what else might be possible down the road” [126];
- “I can’t image where I’d be without it, she says. It’s kept me out of a wheelchair and let me live a normal life” [127];
- “‘Once you get into a wheelchair, it’s all part of this downward spiral,’ said Burgess, a former professor of physical education” [128];
- “She says that without the operation she would have been bed-ridden or at least in a wheelchair and on sedatives all the time” [128];
- “getting people out of wheelchair [sic]” [129] .
3.4. What Issues are Mentioned?
Codes | Canadian Newsstand Complete n = 4,826 | Calgary Herald n = 270 | The Globe and Mail n = 392 | The New York Times n = 492 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Access | 165 | 13 | 14 | 21 |
Afford* | 32 | 4 | 13 | 21 |
Equity/equality | 30/22 | 1/0 | 5/6 | 5/2 |
Income/cost | 77/715 | 3/33 | 16/53 | 16/83 |
Discrimination | 11 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
Stigma | 7 | 0 | 0 | 2 |
Quality of life | 54 | 6 | 4 | 3 |
Education | 175 | 12 | 18 | 27 |
Employment | 38 | 1 | 3 | 7 |
Problem | 504 | 50 | 77 | 133 |
- “The promise of microchip medicine lies not only in bionic body parts, but also long-term care for chronic problems” [137]; “to answer Japan’s most pressing economic and social problem: the plunging birthrate and rapid aging of the population, allowing people to work into their old age. “The suit will allow elderly people to fend for themselves much later into their retirement, and means that people do not become bed- ridden so soon in life” [138].
- “In hospitals of the future “emancipated medical machines” will see problems and correct them expertly, with no need for human input. Doctors and nurses will supervise robots smart and dumb: the smart ones will perform surgery unerringly, while the dumb ones will do all the menial labor, cleaning floors, and lifting and turning patients, “freeing the warm hands of humans to better care for other humans in need” [139];
- “Scientists and engineers have turned their tool-making and building skills to correcting the medical problems the body cannot fix. The result is a growing array of artificial body parts that are available for immediate use and many more in various stages of development around the world. From the top of the head to the bottom of the feet, it is becoming increasingly possible to use artificial parts to enhance vision and hearing, strengthen weakened bones, bolster or replace faltering organs, replace damaged joints, substitute for disabled nerves or improve appearance. Transplanting organs and other tissues from one human to another, or even from animals to humans, are other means to this end. But this avenue has been hampered by chronic shortages of donor organs, problems of compatibility and rejection, concerns about transmitting infections and other problems. Receiving artificial body parts has become so common that it no longer seems exotic. Each year, hundreds of thousands of Americans get artificial hips and knees, and tens of thousands receive heart valves, tooth implants, spine supports, eye lenses and other replacements. In addition, hundreds of thousands benefit from implantable devices that assist disabled organs or other body components but do not replace them. Examples of these include cardiac pacemakers and defibrillators to maintain regular heartbeats and rhythms, internal braces and splints to strengthen weakened or shattered bones and penile implants to treat impotence” [140];
- “In the last five years, we’ve seen advances in many types of devices that are implanted into the body, or are external to it, that are taking over for impaired functions,” said Dr. Susan Alpert, director of the Office of Device Evaluation at the Food and Drug Administration, which regulates such products” [140];
- “With advances that we are seeing in material science, miniaturization and electronics, one day we may see many new devices to replace or supplement body functions that are lost” [140].
3.5. The Issue of Enhancement
Codes | Canadian Newsstand Complete n = 4,826 | Calgary Herald n = 270 | The Globe and Mail n = 392 | The New York Times n = 492 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Bionic man | 373 | 22 | 25 | 39 |
Bionic woman | 1,166 | 70 | 142 | 98 |
Six million dollar man | 357 | 19 | 22 | 19 |
4. Discussion
4.1. Framing Potential Users of Bionics and Their Existing Assistive Devices
4.2. Framing of Bionics
4.3. The Issue of Enhancement
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Panesar, S.; Wolbring, G. Analysis of North American Newspaper Coverage of Bionics Using the Disability Studies Framework. Technologies 2014, 2, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies2010001
Panesar S, Wolbring G. Analysis of North American Newspaper Coverage of Bionics Using the Disability Studies Framework. Technologies. 2014; 2(1):1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies2010001
Chicago/Turabian StylePanesar, Sonum, and Gregor Wolbring. 2014. "Analysis of North American Newspaper Coverage of Bionics Using the Disability Studies Framework" Technologies 2, no. 1: 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies2010001
APA StylePanesar, S., & Wolbring, G. (2014). Analysis of North American Newspaper Coverage of Bionics Using the Disability Studies Framework. Technologies, 2(1), 1-30. https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies2010001