Influence of the Land Use Type on the Wild Plant Diversity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Regions of Study
3.2. Effect of Soil Type on Plant Diversity
3.3. Effect of Land Use Type on the Plant Diversity
3.4. Effect of Climatic Conditions
3.5. Data Analysis
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable Name | PC1 | PC2 | PC3 |
---|---|---|---|
1. Mean annual temperature | 0.027 | 0.441 | −0.003 |
2. Mean diurnal range | 0.299 | −0.031 | −0.073 |
3. Isothermality | 0.291 | −0.009 | −0.138 |
4. Temperature seasonality | 0.015 | −0.118 | 0.592 |
5. Max. temperature of the warmest month | 0.047 | 0.349 | 0.324 |
6. Min. temperature of the coldest month | −0.086 | 0.404 | 0.141 |
7. Temperature annual range | 0.210 | −0.125 | 0.287 |
8. Mean temperature of the wettest quarter | −0.272 | 0.167 | 0.121 |
9. Mean temperature of driest quarter | 0.176 | 0.285 | −0.303 |
10. Mean temperature of warmest quarter | 0.019 | 0.435 | 0.080 |
11. Mean temperature of coldest quarter | 0.017 | 0.430 | −0.092 |
12. Total (annual) precipitation | −0.309 | −0.021 | −0.033 |
13. Precipitation of wettest month | −0.297 | −0.014 | −0.158 |
14. Precipitation of driest month | −0.302 | 0.024 | 0.112 |
15. Precipitation seasonality | −0.131 | 0.008 | −0.494 |
16. Precipitation of wettest quarter | −0.305 | −0.025 | −0.076 |
17. Precipitation of driest quarter | −0.307 | −0.005 | 0.070 |
18. Precipitation of warmest quarter | −0.298 | −0.064 | −0.009 |
19. Precipitation of the coldest quarter | −0.308 | 0.013 | 0.054 |
Standard deviation | 3.207 | 2.251 | 1.560 |
Proportion of variance | 0.541 | 0.267 | 0.128 |
Cumulative proportion of variance | 0.541 | 0.808 | 0.936 |
Factors | Plovdiv-Pazardzhik | Western Stara Planina | Pooled |
---|---|---|---|
Land use type | 0.005 b | 0.520 | 0.080 |
Group of land use type | 0.077 | 0.427 | 0.980 |
Soil type | 0.016 | 0.369 | 0.437 |
Bioclim1 | 0.695 | 0.101 | 0.047 |
Bioclim2 | 0.004 | 0.694 | <0.001 |
Bioclim5 | 0.900 | 0.105 | 0.077 |
Bioclim6 | – a | 0.702 | 0.863 |
Bioclim7 | 0.203 | 0.334 | 0.117 |
Bioclim9 | 0.758 | 0.684 | 0.115 |
Bioclim10 | 0.152 | 0.880 | 0.840 |
Bioclim11 | 0.095 | 0.187 | 0.080 |
Bioclim13 | – a | 0.177 | 0.001 |
Bioclim14 | – a | 0.178 | 0.700 |
Bioclim15 | 0.422 | 0.031 | 0.751 |
Bioclim18 | – a | 0.039 | 0.015 |
Pazardzhik-Plovdiv Region | Western Stara Planina Region | ||
---|---|---|---|
GRL | Means | GRL | Means |
1 | 8.7d 1 | 1 | 12.7b |
2 | 15.4abcd | 5 | 19.3ab |
3 | 11.5cd | 6 | 15.4b |
5 | 20.2abc | 7 | 14.1b |
6 | 13.9bcd | 8 | 26.5a |
7 | 25.6a | 9 | 33.5a |
8 | 24.2ab | ||
9 | 11.5cd | ||
F = 3.39; p = 0.015; d.f. = 7 ** | F = 3.40; p = 0.04; d.f. = 5 |
Code According to LISA Methodology | Land Use Type | Number of Plant Species | |
---|---|---|---|
Pazardzhik-Plovdiv | Western Stara Planina | ||
A11 | Wheat | 69 | 32 |
A16 | Maize | 9 | 41 |
A21 | Potatoes | 27 | 29 |
A31 | Sunflower | 25 | 41 |
A53 | Strawberries | 9 | - |
A41 | Tobacco | 21 | - |
A54 | Other fresh vegetables | 31 | 46 |
A62 | Alfalfa (Lucerne) | 11 | 59 |
A73 | Arable land without plants (e.g., recently sown) | 18 | - |
A74 | Flower areas and strips (Rosa damascena fields) | 20 | - |
A81 | Apple fruit | 32 | 37 |
A82 | Pear fruit | 22 | - |
A83 | Cherry fruit | 32 | - |
A84 | Nuts trees | - * | 22 |
A87 | Other fruit trees and berries | 30 | - |
A92 | Vineyards | 34 | 15 |
B12 | Unmanaged set-aside | 21 | |
C11 | Meadow/hay field with sparse tree/shrub cover | - | 71 |
C12 | Grazing land with sparse tree/shrub cover | 15 | 135 |
C21 | Meadow/hay field without sparse tree/shrub cover | 28 | - |
C22 | Grazing land without sparse tree/shrub cover | 65 | - |
C31.4 | Meadow orchard stand with greater gaps (cov. 50–75%) | - | 32 |
D11 | Shrubland with sparse tree cover | 50 | 57 |
E11 | Solitary trees and small groups of trees/bushes | 42 | - |
E12 | Tree lines and avenues | 23 | 18 |
E13 | Hedges and bushes | 24 | - |
E21 | Buffer strips | 12 | 2 |
E31 | Springs and spring swamps | - | 21 |
E32 | Small and medium-sized flowing waters (streams, rivers) | 85 | 32 |
E33 | Ditches (flowing and standing water) | 18 | - |
E34 | Small water bodies (Ponds, ponded depressions, and pools) | 28 | - |
E51 | Dirt/gravel track | 22 | 92 |
E71 | Ditches | 11 | - |
N11 | Forest | 37 | 45 |
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Aneva, I.; Zhelev, P.; Lukanov, S.; Peneva, M.; Vassilev, K.; Zheljazkov, V.D. Influence of the Land Use Type on the Wild Plant Diversity. Plants 2020, 9, 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050602
Aneva I, Zhelev P, Lukanov S, Peneva M, Vassilev K, Zheljazkov VD. Influence of the Land Use Type on the Wild Plant Diversity. Plants. 2020; 9(5):602. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050602
Chicago/Turabian StyleAneva, Ina, Petar Zhelev, Simeon Lukanov, Mariya Peneva, Kiril Vassilev, and Valtcho D. Zheljazkov. 2020. "Influence of the Land Use Type on the Wild Plant Diversity" Plants 9, no. 5: 602. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9050602