Effects of Natural Sorbents on the Germination and Early Growth of Grasses on Soils Contaminated by Potentially Toxic Elements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Soil Analyses
2.2. Germination of Seeds
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Area
4.2. Seeds Material with Short Characteristic of Species
4.3. Soil Analysis and Modification
4.4. Water Extract and pH Values
4.5. Germination Conditions
4.6. Germination Parameters
4.7. Biometric Analysis
4.8. Fresh and Dry Mass and Tissue Water Content
4.9. Electrolyte Leakage
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PTEs (mg·kg−1) | Cu | As | Sb | Ag | Co | Pb | Zn | Ni | Al | pH |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st sample | 1179 | 275 | 405 | 3.1 | 28 | 26 | 38 | 25 | 7.53 | 5.10 |
2nd sample | 1017 | 273 | 390 | 2.7 | 27 | 26 | 39 | 24 | 8.58 | 5.16 |
3rd sample | 1101 | 255 | 367 | 2.4 | 24 | 23 | 36 | 22 | 7.15 | 5.25 |
Average | 1099 | 267.67 | 387.33 | 2.73 | 26.33 | 25 | 37.67 | 23.67 | 7.75 | 5.17 |
Treatment | Species | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC | AS | FR | PP | |||||
3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | 3 | 7 | |
Control | 73.6 ab ± 8.29 | 89.6 a ± 2.19 | 20.2 cf ± 7.16 | 41.6 c ± 9.21 | 57.6 cd ± 19.72 | 89.6 a ± 7.16 | 72.0 b ± 11.45 | 79.2 ab ± 4.50 |
Cu | 77.6 ab ± 2.19 | 84.0 b ± 6.32 | 18.4 e ± 10.81 | 31.2 d ± 13.68 | 48.8 c ± 26.14 | 88.0 ab ± 6.32 | 70.4 b ± 16.15 | 92.0 a ± 4.90 |
BCH | 76.0 ab ± 11.66 | 89.6 a ± 8.29 | 7.2 efg ± 5.93 | 23.2 d ± 3.35 | 43.2 c ± 7.16 | 84.0 b ± 4.00 | 64.0 c ± 14.14 | 90.4 a ± 8.29 |
B | 76.0 ab ± 6.32 | 82.4 b ± 7.80 | 17.6 f ± 11.52 | 29.6 d ± 7.27 | 40.0 c ± 6.32 | 86.4 b ± 3.58 | 60.0 c ± 17.20 | 92.8 a ± 5.93 |
ChM | 80.8 a ± 3.35 | 87.2 ab ± 6.57 | 17.6 f ± 7.80 | 27.2 d ± 9.12 | 54.4 cd ± 11.52 | 88.8 a ± 3.35 | 40.0 c ± 9.38 | 89.6 a ± 6.07 |
OS | 80.8 a ± 9.55 | 91.2 a ± 4.38 | 13.6 f ± 8.29 | 25.6 d ± 7.27 | 50.4 cd ± 10.81 | 80.0 b ± 4.90 | 54.40 cd ± 11.52 | 93.6 a ± 4.56 |
Treatment | Species | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
AC | AS | FR | PP | |
Control | 0.451 a ± 0.01 | 0.374 b ± 0.03 | 0.450 a ± 0.01 | 0.442 a ± 0.01 |
Cu | 0.447 a ± 0.01 | 0.175 cd ± 0.38 | 0.450 a ± 0.01 | 0.452 a ± 0.01 |
BCH | 0.451 a ± 0.01 | 0.227 bc ± 0.06 | 0.447 a ± 0.01 | 0.451 a ± 0.01 |
B | 0.446 a ± 0.01 | 0.295 bc ± 0.08 | 0.449 a ± 0.01 | 0.453 a ± 0.01 |
ChM | 0.449 a ± 0.01 | 0.236 bc ± 0.15 | 0.450 a ± 0.01 | 0.451 a ± 0.01 |
OS | 0.452 a ± 0.01 | 0.231 bc ± 0.14 | 0.444 a ± 0.01 | 0.453 a ± 0.01 |
Treatment | Species | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AC | AS | FR | PP | |||||
(cm) | IP (%) | (cm) | IP (%) | (cm) | IP (%) | (cm) | IP (%) | |
Control | 2.26 cde ± 0.60 | 1.62 f ± 0.54 | 5.05 bc ± 1.02 | 2.94 de ± 0.55 | ||||
Cu | 2.69 de ± 0.56 | −24.15 | 1.94 ef ± 0.79 | −52.01 | 4.33 c ± 1.11 | 9.99 | 3.01 d ± 0.89 | −4.54 |
BCH | 1.99 def ± 0.51 | 6.56 | 1.47 ef ± 0.67 | 1.67 | 4.20 c ± 0.86 | 13.05 | 2.66 de ± 0.82 | 5.00 |
B | 2.26 cde ± 0.39 | −5.37 | 1.83 de ± 0.46 | −34.55 | 4.99 bc ± 0.90 | −1.54 | 3.11 d ± 0.66 | −7.57 |
ChM | 1.86 ef ± 0.49 | 12.00 | 2.53 ce ± 0.79 | −73.01 | 6.08 a ± 1.04 | −25.88 | 1.90 ef ± 0.68 | 34.69 |
OS | 2.71 de ± 0.53 | −28.10 | 2.06 def ± 0.75 | −55.04 | 5.43 bc ± 1.10 | −12.27 | 4.04 cd ± 0.75 | −42.57 |
Treatment | Species | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
AC | AS | FR | PP | |
Fresh Mass as % of Control | ||||
Cu | 122.00 bd ± 0.01 | 205.45 b ± 0.01 | 165.21 cd ± 0.02 | 168.98 cd ± 0.01 |
BCH | 128.00 bd ± 0.01 | 180.00 cd ± 0.01 | 166.44 cd ± 0.02 | 168.25 cd ± 0.01 |
B | 124.00 bd ± 0.01 | 234.55 b ± 0.01 | 147.87 cd ± 0.01 | 181.02 cd ± 0.01 |
ChM | 106.00 bcd ± 0.01 | 162.79 cd ± 0.01 | 104.61 bcd ± 0.01 | 165.73 cd ± 0.01 |
OS | 364.00 a ± 0.05 | 170.91 bcd ± 0.01 | 160.29 cd ± 0.02 | 164.60 cd ± 0.01 |
Dry Mass as % of Control | ||||
Cu | 162.50 a ± 0.01 | 77.78 de ± 0.01 | 88.17 d ± 0.01 | 103.45 cd ± 0.01 |
BCH | 137.50 c ± 0.01 | 61.11 f ± 0.01 | 97.63 cd ± 0.01 | 131.03 c ± 0.01 |
B | 150.00 b ± 0.01 | 55.56 g ± 0.01 | 88.17 d ± 0.01 | 124.14 c ± 0.01 |
ChM | 125.00 c ± 0.01 | 66.67 e ± 0.01 | 85.80 e ± 0.01 | 103.45 cd ± 0.01 |
OS | 150.00 b ± 0.01 | 77.78 de ± 0.01 | 84.62 e ± 0.01 | 134.48 c ± 0.01 |
Tissue Water Content (%) | ||||
Control | 91.89 a ± 4.07 | 66.89 e ± 7.31 | 80.58 de ± 1.02 | 89.40 de ± 5.67 |
Cu | 88.45 de ± 4.65 | 85.98 b ± 4.71 | 89.78 be ± 1.80 | 93.73 a ± 3.30 |
BCH | 90.99 a ± 1.80 | 87.73 b ± 4.07 | 88.73 bc ± 0.98 | 91.67 a ± 0.52 |
B | 89.96 b ± 1.65 | 91.40 a ± 3.40 | 88.69 bc ± 2.38 | 92.69 ab ± 0.22 |
ChM | 90.42 a ± 3.57 | 85.19 c ± 9.57 | 89.36 bc ± 2.85 | 90.79 ab ± 3.07 |
OS | 93.07 a ± 3.00 | 85.48 cde ± 3.65 | 89.96 b ± 2.85 | 91.25 ab ± 0.78 |
Abbreviation | Soil | BCH | B | ChM | OS |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Full name | Cu contaminated soil from a mining heap | biochar | bentonite | chicken manure | organo-zeolitic substrate |
Mixture proportions per 1 unit weight of soil | 0.2—biochar | 0.1—bentonite | 0.01—chicken manure | 0.5—perlite 0.3—CaCO3 0.1—chicken manure | |
0.8—soil | 0.9—soil | 0.99—soil | 0.91—soil |
Germination Index | Formula | References |
---|---|---|
GP germination percentage | (number of germinated seeds each day/total number of seeds used in biotest) × 100 | AOSA [89] |
T50 time required for 50% germination | ti + ((N/2) − nj) × (ti − tj))/(ni − nj) where: N is the final number of germination and ni, nj cumulative numbers of seeds germinated by adjacent counts at times ti and tj when ni < N/2 < nj | Farooq et al. [90] |
SE speed of emergence | (number of germinated seeds on the first day of germination/number of germinated seeds on the last day of germination) × 100 | Islam et al. [91] |
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Turisová, I.; Kviatková, T.; Możdżeń, K.; Barabasz-Krasny, B. Effects of Natural Sorbents on the Germination and Early Growth of Grasses on Soils Contaminated by Potentially Toxic Elements. Plants 2020, 9, 1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111591
Turisová I, Kviatková T, Możdżeń K, Barabasz-Krasny B. Effects of Natural Sorbents on the Germination and Early Growth of Grasses on Soils Contaminated by Potentially Toxic Elements. Plants. 2020; 9(11):1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111591
Chicago/Turabian StyleTurisová, Ingrid, Tatiana Kviatková, Katarzyna Możdżeń, and Beata Barabasz-Krasny. 2020. "Effects of Natural Sorbents on the Germination and Early Growth of Grasses on Soils Contaminated by Potentially Toxic Elements" Plants 9, no. 11: 1591. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9111591