Axial and Radial Spatial Patterns of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Cycas micronesica Stems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Radial Differences in Resource Allocation
3.2. Interactions Among Axial and Radial Stem Sections
4. Discussion
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hill, K.D. The Cycas rumphii complex (Cycadaceae) in New Guinea and the Western Pacific. Aust. Syst. Bot. 1994, 7, 543–567. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Calonje, M.; Stevenson, D.W.; Stanberg, L. The World List of Cycads. 2013–2018. Available online: http://www.cycadlist.org (accessed on 9 June 2018).
- Brummitt, N.A.; Bachman, S.P.; Griffiths-Lee, J.; Lutz, M.; Moat, J.F.; Farjon, A.; Donaldson, J.S.; Hilton-Taylor, C.; Meagher, T.R.; Albuquerque, S.; et al. Green plants in the red: A baseline global assessment for the IUCN sampled Red List Index for plants. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0135152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fragniere, Y.; Bétrisey, S.; Cardinaux, L.; Stoffel, M.; Kozlowski, G. Fighting their last stand? A global analysis of the distribution and conservation status of gymnosperms. J. Biogeogr. 2015, 42, 809–820. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Marler, T.E.; Muniappan, R. Pests of Cycas micronesica leaf, stem, and male reproductive tissues with notes on current threat status. Micronesica 2006, 39, 1–9. [Google Scholar]
- Marler, T.E. Cycad aulacaspis scale invades the Mariana Islands. Mem. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 2012, 106, 20–35. [Google Scholar]
- Marler, T.E.; Lawrence, J.H. Demography of Cycas micronesica on Guam following introduction of the armoured scale Aulacaspis yasumatsui. J. Trop. Ecol. 2012, 28, 233–242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marler, T.; Haynes, J.; Lindström, A. 2010 Cycas micronesica. IUCN 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2012.1. Available online: www.iucnredlist.org (accessed on 18 May 2018).
- United States Fish & Wildlife Service (UFWS). Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; Endangered status for 16 species and threatened status for 7 species in Micronesia. Fed. Regist. 2015, 80, 59424–59497. [Google Scholar]
- Marler, T.E.; Cruz, G.N. Adventitious rooting of mature Cycas micronesica K.D. Hill tree stems reveals moderate success for salvage of an endangered cycad. J. Threatened Taxa 2017, 9, 10565–10570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marler, T.E.; Lindström, A.J. First, do no harm. Commun. Integr. Biol. 2017, 10, e1393593. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marler, T.E.; Cascasan, A.N.J. Carbohydrate depletion during lethal infestation of Aulacaspis yasumatsui on Cycas revoluta. Int. J. Plant Sci. 2018, 179, 497–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Marler, T.E. Stem carbohydrates and adventitious root formation of Cyas micronesica following Aulacaspis yasumatsui infestation. HortScience 2018, in press. [Google Scholar]
- Marler, T.E.; Lindström, A.; Fisher, J.B. Stem tissue dimensions correlate with ease of horticultural management for six Cycas species. HortScience 2010, 45, 1293–1296. [Google Scholar]
- Schloter, M.; Winkler, J.B.; Aneja, M.; Koch, N.; Fleischmann, F.; Pritsch, K.; Heller, W.; Stich, S.; Grams, T.E.; Göttlein, A.; et al. Short term effects of ozone on the plant-rhizosphere-bulk soil system of young beech trees. Plant Biol. 2005, 7, 728–736. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- American Association of Cereal Chemists (AACC). Method 76-11. In Approved Methods of the American Association of Cereal Chemists, 8th ed.; AACC: St. Paul, MN, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Stevenson, D.W. Radial growth in the Cycadales. Am. J. Bot. 1980, 67, 465–475. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Terrazas, T. Origin and activity of successive cambia in Cycas (Cycadales). Am. J. Bot. 1991, 78, 1335–1344. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fisher, J.B.; Marler, T.E. Eccentric growth but no compression wood in a horizontal stem of Cycas micronesica (Cycadales). IAWA J. 2006, 27, 377–382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niklas, K.J.; Marler, T.E. Sex and population differences in the allometry of an endangered cycad species, Cycas micronesica (Cycadales). Int. J. Plant Sci. 2008, 169, 659–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fisher, J.B.; Lindström, A.; Marler, T. Tissue responses and solution movement after stem wounding in six Cycas species. HortScience 2009, 44, 848–851. [Google Scholar]
- Marler, T.E.; Lindström, A.J. Free sugar profile in cycads. Front. Plant Sci. 2014, 5, 526. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Quentin, A.G.; Pinkard, E.A.; Ryan, M.G.; Tissue, D.T.; Baggett, L.S.; Adams, H.D.; Maillard, P.; Marchand, J.; Landhäusser, S.M.; Lacointe, A.; et al. Non-structural carbohydrates in woody plants compared among laboratories. Tree Physiol. 2015, 35, 1146–1165. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Honkanen, T.; Haukioja, E. Intra-plant regulation of growth and plant-herbivore interactions. Ecoscience 1998, 5, 470–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Landhäusser, S.M.; Lieffers, V.J. Defoliation increases risk of carbon starvation in root systems of mature aspen. Trees 2012, 26, 653–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Esparza, G.; DeJong, T.M.; Weinbaum, S.A. Effects of irrigation deprivation during the harvest period on nonstructural carbohydrate and nitrogen contents of dormant, mature almond trees. Tree Physiol. 2001, 21, 1081–1086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Barbaroux, C.; Bréda, N. Contrasting distribution and seasonal dynamics of carbohydrate reserves in stem wood of adult ringporous sessile oak and diffuse-porous beech trees. Tree Physiol. 2002, 21, 1201–1210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barbaroux, C.; Bréda, N.; Dufrêne, E. Distribution of above-ground and below-ground carbohydrate reserves in adult trees of two contrasting broad-leaved species (Quercus petraea and Fagus sylvatica). New Phytol. 2003, 157, 605–615. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hoch, G.; Richter, A.; Körner, C. Non-structural carbon compounds in temperate forest trees. Plant Cell Environ. 2003, 26, 1067–1081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Richardson, A.D.; Carbone, M.S.; Keenan, T.F.; Czimczik, C.I.; Hollinger, D.Y.; Murakami, P.; Schaberg, P.G.; Xu, X. Seasonal dynamics and age of stemwood nonstructural carbohydrates in temperate forest trees. New Phytol. 2013, 197, 850–861. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bazot, S.; Barthes, L.; Blanot, D.; Fresneau, C. Distribution of non-structural nitrogen and carbohydrate compounds in mature oak trees in a temperate forest at four key phenological stages. Trees 2013, 27, 1023–1034. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gérard, B.; Bréda, N. Radial distribution of carbohydrate reserves in the trunk of declining European beech trees (Fagus sylvatica L.). Ann. For. Sci. 2014, 71, 675–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Würth, M.K.R.; Peláez-Riedl, S.; Wright, S.J.; Körner, C. Non-structural carbohydrate pools in a tropical forest. Oecologia 2005, 143, 11–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Körner, C. Carbon limitation in trees. J. Ecol. 2003, 91, 4–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kozlowski, T.T. Carbohydrate sources and sinks in woody plants. Bot. Rev. 1992, 58, 107–222. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gleason, S.M.; Ares, A. Photosynthesis, carbohydrate storage and survival of a native and an introduced tree species in relation to light and defoliation. Tree Physiol. 2004, 24, 1087–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dietze, M.C.; Sala, A.; Carbone, M.S.; Czimczik, C.I.; Mantooth, J.A.; Richardson, A.D.; Rodrigo Vargas, R. Nonstructural carbon in woody plants. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2014, 65, 667–687. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hartmann, H.; Trumbore, S. Understanding the roles of nonstructural carbohydrates in forest Trees—From what we can measure to what we want to know. New Phytol. 2016, 211, 386–403. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-Vilalta, J.; Sala, A.; Asensio, D.; Galiano, L.; Hoch, G.; Palacio, S.; Piper, F.I.; Lloret, F. Dynamics of non-structural carbohydrates in terrestrial plants: A global synthesis. Ecol. Monogr. 2016, 86, 495–516. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hirsh, H.; Marler, T. Damage and recovery of Cycas micronesica after Typhoon Paka. Biotropica 2002, 34, 598–602. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Grove, T.S.; O’Connell, A.M.; Malajczuk, N. Effects of fire on the growth, nutrient content and rate of nitrogen fixation of the cycad Macrozamia riedlei. Aust. J. Bot. 1980, 28, 271–281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Norstog, K.J.; Nicholls, T.J. The Biology of the Cycads; Cornell University Press: Ithica, NY, USA, 1997; ISBN 978-0-8014-3033-6. [Google Scholar]
- Saranpää, P.; Höll, W. Soluble carbohydrates of Pinus sylvestris L. sapwood and heartwood. Trees 1989, 3, 138–143. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- von Arx, G.; Arzac, A.; Fonti, P.; Frank, D.; Zweifel, R.; Rigling, A.; Galiano, L.; Gessler, A.; Olano, J.M.; Larjavaara, M. Responses of sapwood ray parenchyma and non-structural carbohydrates of Pinus sylvestris to drought and long-term irrigation. Funct. Ecol. 2017, 31, 1371–1382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Variable | Pith | Vascular | Cortex | Significance |
---|---|---|---|---|
Fructose (mg·g−1) | 18.21 ± 4.34 b,z | 6.30 ± 1.29 a | 11.65 ± 1.57 ab | 0.0123 |
Glucose (mg·g−1) | 28.83 ± 6.43 b | 11.30 ± 2.72 a | 11.98 ± 1.94 a | 0.0069 |
Maltose (mg·g−1) | 4.16 ± 0.98 b | 0.11 ± 0.003 a | 0.10 ± 0.004 a | <0.0001 |
Starch (mg·g−1) | 194.69 ± 7.95 b | 159.05 ± 11.58 a | 191.06 ± 12.74 b | 0.0412 |
Total sugars (mg·g−1) | 171.94 ± 10.51 c | 86.95 ± 2.26 a | 128.32 ± 7.29 b | <0.0001 |
Variable | Apex Pith | Apex Vascular | Apex Cortex | Base Pith | Base Vascular | Base Cortex | Sig |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sucrose (mg·g−1) | 116.5 ± 6.4 b,z | 72.5 ± 4.6 a | 83.7 ± 7.9 a | 125.0 ± 10.9 b | 66.0 ± 1.8 a | 126.8 ± 11.5 b | 0.0056 |
Total NSC (mg·g−1) | 379.0 ± 15.4 c | 267.3 ± 20.3 ab | 295.9 ± 22.0 bc | 354.3 ± 10.6 c | 224.7 ± 13.9 a | 342.8 ± 19.9 c | 0.0211 |
© 2018 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Marler, T.E. Axial and Radial Spatial Patterns of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Cycas micronesica Stems. Plants 2018, 7, 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7030049
Marler TE. Axial and Radial Spatial Patterns of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Cycas micronesica Stems. Plants. 2018; 7(3):49. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7030049
Chicago/Turabian StyleMarler, Thomas E. 2018. "Axial and Radial Spatial Patterns of Non-Structural Carbohydrates in Cycas micronesica Stems" Plants 7, no. 3: 49. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants7030049