Effects of Graphene Oxide on Plant Growth: A Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Beneficial Effects of GO on Plant Growth
2.1. Positive Effects on Seed Germination
2.2. Positive Effects on Shoot Growth
2.3. Positive Effects on Root Growth
2.4. The Physiological and Biochemical Effects of GO on Plants
3. The Adverse Effects of GO on Plant Growth
3.1. Negative Effects on Seed Germination
3.2. Negative Effects on Shoot Growth
3.3. Negative Effects on Root Growth
3.4. The Physiological and Biochemical Effects of GO on Plants
4. Concluding Remarks and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Plant | Particle Size | GO Exposure Concentration | Exposure Time | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aloe vera | few layers | 0–100 mg/L | four months | Enhanced the photosynthetic capacity of leaves, increased the yield and morphological characteristics of roots and leaves, and improved the nutrient (protein and amino acid) contents of leaves | [18] |
Tomato | mean diameter of 40 nm | 0, 50, 100, 200 mg/L | weekly for one month | Significantly improved the shoot/stem growth, promoted the morphological development of the root system, and increased biomass accumulation | [20] |
Festuca arundinacea | thickness of 3.4–7 nm, 10–50 μm | 0.2 mg/L | 30 days | Increased seed germination, plant height, and biomass | [22] |
Spinach and Chive | NA | 50 mg/L | Spinach (40 days) Chive (72 days) | Significantly promoted the germination of spinach and chive in soil | [23] |
Amorpha fruticose | thickness of 3.4–7 nm, 10–50 μm | 50, 100, and 150 mg/L | 48 h | Promoted seed germination and seedling growth | [24] |
Medicago sativa | thickness of 3.4–8 nm, 10–50 μm | 0.2% | 50 days | Slightly promoted the plant height and significantly increased the biomass of stems and leaves | [25] |
Arabidopsis thaliana L. | NA | 100, 1000, or 10,000 µg/L | 30 days | Increased the length of roots, the area of leaves, the number of leaves, and the formation of flower buds | [26] |
Populus alba L. | NA | 10, 20, 50 and 100 mg/L | 60 days | Increased the mass of new stems and leaves, the root mass, total root length, total surface area, total projected area, and total volume | [27] |
Ulmus pumila L. | NA | 50 mg/L | 60 days | Significantly increased the fresh weight and soluble sugar content of leaves, and the net photosynthetic rate; increased root fresh weight, total root length, and total root surface area | [28] |
Wheat | NA | 100 mg/L | 14 days | Increased root length | [29] |
Rice | 10–50 μm | 100 mg/L | 15 days | Promoted rhizome elongation | [30] |
Tobacco | NA | 20 mg/L | 35 days | Increased the number of adventitious roots | [31] |
Gala apple plants | a thickness of 0.8–1.2 nm, | 0.1, 1 mg/L | 40 days | Increased the number of adventitious roots and the rooting rate | [32] |
Raspberry | a thickness of single layer 0.334 nm | 2 mg/L | 30 days | Increased the seedling height, root length, root tip number, and root specific surface area | [33] |
Quinoa | NA | 4 and 8 mg/L | 14 days | Promoted root growth and morphological development, and increased biomass | [34] |
Faba bean | 0.5–5 μm | 400, 800 mg/L | 12h | Significantly improved health status | [35] |
Plant | Particle Size | GO Exposure Concentration | Exposure Time | Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Brassica napus L. | NA | 25–100 mg/L | 15 days | Shorter seminal root length and the fresh root weight decreased | [17] |
Medicago sativa | thickness of 3.4–8nm, 10–50 μm | 0.4% and 0.6% | 50 days | Significantly reduced plant height and biomass, and significantly reduced the chlorophyll content | [25] |
Wheat | NA | 400–1000 mg/L | 14 days | The root length and the fresh weight of root and shoot exhibited significant reductions | [29] |
Rice and Wheat | 10–50 μm | 300, 400, 500 mg/L | 15 days | Inhibited rice and wheat germination, and inhibited rhizome elongation | [30] |
Tobacco | NA | 20 mg/L | 20 days | Decreased seminal root length | [31] |
Gala apple plants | thickness of 0.8–1.2 nm | 0.1–10 mg/L | 40 days | Inhibited adventitious root length, moisture content, and number of lateral roots | [32] |
Raspberry | thickness of single layer 0.334 nm, | 4 mg/L | 30 days | Inhibited the growth and development of adventitious roots | [33] |
Faba bean | 0.5–5 μm | 1600, 200, 100 mg/L solution | 12 h | Decreased growth parameters | [35] |
Medicago sativa | thickness of 3.4–8 nm, 10–50 μm | 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% | 20 days | Significantly inhibited seedling growth and germination rate | [49] |
Rice | NA | 2, 5, 7,10 mg/L | 16 days | Significantly decreased seed germination rate, severely restrained root development, increased chlorophyll content, and improved the activities of antioxidant enzymes | [50] |
Wheat | NA | 0.04, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 2.0 mg/mL | 15 days | Hindered the development and growth of wheat plants, disrupted root structure and cellular ultrastructure, promoted oxidative stress, and inhibited germination | [51] |
Rice | NA | 100, 250 mg/L | 3 weeks | Reduced shoot biomass and shoot elongation, and caused oxidative damage | [52] |
Wheat | thickness of 0.55–1.1 nm | 200–800 mg/L | 2 weeks | Significantly inhibited elongation and mature zones of wheat roots | [53] |
Maize | 0.5–5 μm | 200 mg/L | 9 days | Decreased the main root length and the root/shoot ratio of maize seedlings | [54] |
Rice | thickness of 1–2 nm, | 5, 15, 25 and 50 mg/L | NA | Reduced the root length, fresh weight, and dry weight for all five rice species | [55] |
Ryegrass | thickness of 3.4–7 nm, 10–50 μm | 3–5% | 40 days | Decreased the root volume and biomass of ryegrass | [56] |
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Yang, Y.; Zhang, R.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Z.; Wang, H.; Li, P.C.H. Effects of Graphene Oxide on Plant Growth: A Review. Plants 2022, 11, 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212826
Yang Y, Zhang R, Zhang X, Chen Z, Wang H, Li PCH. Effects of Graphene Oxide on Plant Growth: A Review. Plants. 2022; 11(21):2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212826
Chicago/Turabian StyleYang, Yan, Runxuan Zhang, Xiao Zhang, Zezhong Chen, Haiyan Wang, and Paul Chi Hang Li. 2022. "Effects of Graphene Oxide on Plant Growth: A Review" Plants 11, no. 21: 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212826
APA StyleYang, Y., Zhang, R., Zhang, X., Chen, Z., Wang, H., & Li, P. C. H. (2022). Effects of Graphene Oxide on Plant Growth: A Review. Plants, 11(21), 2826. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11212826