Screening of Durum Wheat Cultivars for Selenium Response under Contrasting Environments, Based on Grain Yield and Quality Attributes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Effects of Environments, Se Application, and Cultivars on Grain Yield
2.2. Effects of Environments, Se Application, and Cultivars on Grain Quality Attributes
2.3. Analysis of ‘Cultivar-Treatment’ Combinations Based on Grain Yield and Quality Attributes
3. Discussion
3.1. Se Fertilization and Its Role in Improving Grain Yield
3.2. Se Fertilization and Its Role in Improving Grain Quality Attributes
3.3. Cultivar Responses to Se Fertilization
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Genetic Material and Sites Description
4.2. Se Treatments and Field Management
4.3. Measured Agronomic and Grain Quality Traits
4.4. Statistical Data Analysis
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sources of Variance | df | F |
---|---|---|
E | 1 | 19,454.70 ** |
SeTR | 1 | 292.45 ** |
C | 24 | 28.92 ** |
E × SeTR | 1 | 55.34 ** |
E × C | 24 | 22.91 ** |
SeTR × C | 24 | 3.15 ** |
E × SeTR × C | 24 | 3.13 ** |
Kef–Boulifa Environment | ||
SeTR | 1 | 42.31 ** |
C | 24 | 6.60 ** |
SeTR × C | 24 | 0.84 ns |
Beja Environment | ||
SeTR | 1 | 335.74 ** |
C | 24 | 49.65 ** |
SeTR × C | 24 | 5.96 ns |
Cultivars | Grain Yield (kg m−2) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Kef–Boulifa Environment | Beja Environment | |||
Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | |
Advanced Lines | ||||
L1 | 0.15 b | 0.16 ab | 0.36 b | 0.38 b |
L2 | 0.12 d | 0.13 d | 0.40 a | 0.42 a |
L3 | 0.12 d | 0.13 d | 0.34 b | 0.36 b |
L4 | 0.13 cd | 0.14 cd | 0.31 cd | 0.34 bc |
L5 | 0.15 b | 0.16 ab | 0.31 cd | 0.34 bc |
L6 | 0.14 bc | 0.16 ab | 0.30 cd | 0.34 bc |
L7 | 0.13 cd | 0.15 bc | 0.27 d | 0.29 e |
L8 | 0.14 bc | 0.16 ab | 0.33 b | 0.35 bc |
L9 | 0.14 bc | 0.16 ab | 0.31 cd | 0.34 bc |
L10 | 0.13 cd | 0.15 bc | 0.29 d | 0.30 de |
L11 | 0.15 b | 0.17 a | 0.32 bc | 0.34 bc |
L12 | 0.16 a | 0.17 a | 0.30 cd | 0.33 cd |
L13 | 0.12 d | 0.14 cd | 0.30 cd | 0.33 cd |
L14 | 0.13 cd | 0.14 cd | 0.33 b | 0.35 bc |
L15 | 0.13 cd | 0.14 cd | 0.27 d | 0.29 e |
L16 | 0.13 cd | 0.15 bc | 0.29 d | 0.30 de |
Mean | 0.14 | 0.15 | 0.32 | 0.34 |
Modern Varieties | ||||
Dhahbi | 0.13 cd | 0.15 bc | 0.33 b | 0.35 bc |
INRAT 100 | 0.14 bc | 0.15 bc | 0.33 b | 0.34 bc |
Salim | 0.13 cd | 0.14 cd | 0.32 bc | 0.35 bc |
Maali | 0.13 cd | 0.14 cd | 0.30 cd | 0.30 de |
Nasr | 0.13 cd | 0.14 cd | 0.31 cd | 0.32 de |
Om Rabiaa | 0.12 d | 0.13 d | 0.32 bc | 0.33 cd |
Khiar | 0.10 e | 0.11 e | 0.25 e | 0.27 f |
Rezzak | 0.13 cd | 0.15 bc | 0.30 cd | 0.31 de |
Karim | 0.12 d | 0.13 d | 0.30 cd | 0.31 de |
Mean | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.30 | 0.32 |
Global Mean | 0.13 | 0.14 | 0.31 | 0.33 |
Sources of Variation | df | Moisture Content | Protein Content | Gluten Content | Zeleny Sedimentation Index | Deformation Energy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E | 1 | 1308.23 *** | 510.85 *** | 41.49 *** | 32.49 * | 22.09 *** |
SeTR | 1 | 0.80 ns | 359.70 *** | 63.95 *** | 42.95 ** | 0.38 ns |
C | 24 | 3.70 *** | 10.63 *** | 1.78 * | 9.16 * | 11.66 *** |
E × SeTR | 1 | 68.26 *** | 16.97 *** | 5.61 * | 8.14 * | 17.75 *** |
E × C | 24 | 3.40 *** | 7.34 *** | 1.26 ns | 10.26 ** | 10.71 *** |
SeTR × C | 24 | 4.50 *** | 4.17 *** | 0.70 ns | 5.13 ** | 4.98 *** |
E × SeTR × C | 24 | 3.23 *** | 3.89 *** | 1.03 ns | 0.18 ns | 10.38 *** |
Kef–Boulifa Environment | ||||||
SeTR | 1 | 27.89 *** | 264.15 *** | 4.89 * | 7.23 * | 130.06 *** |
C | 24 | 8.55 *** | 42.70 *** | 1.44 ns | 12.52 * | 156.74 *** |
SeTR × C | 24 | 11.28 *** | 11.96 *** | 0.76 ns | 2.43 * | 224.54 *** |
Beja Environment | ||||||
SeTR | 1 | 32.09 *** | 695.29 *** | 82.82 *** | 29.96 ** | 239.72 *** |
C | 24 | 1.54 ns | 26.29 *** | 2.15 ** | 4.11 ** | 330.24 *** |
SeTR × C | 24 | 1.84 * | 16.42 *** | 1.93 ** | 3.64 ** | 156.60 *** |
Cultivars | Moisture Content (%) | Protein Content (%) | Gluten Content (%) | |||||||||
Kef–Boulifa Environment | Beja Environment | Kef–Boulifa Environment | Beja Environment | Kef–Boulifa Environment | Beja Environment | |||||||
Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | |
Advances Lines | ||||||||||||
L1 | 8.75 c | 9.12 cd | 10.82 a | 10.93 cd | 12.69 a | 12.86 bc | 14.86 a | 15.31 a | 34.31 a | 39.30 a | 33.89 ab | 34.95 c |
L2 | 8.77 c | 9.18 cd | 10.77 a | 11.33 ab | 11.61 ab | 12.57 bc | 12.23 cd | 14.41 bc | 30.23 ab | 34.97 bc | 34.23 a | 35.96 bc |
L3 | 8.88 c | 8.96 d | 10.53 ab | 10.84 cd | 13.08 a | 14.38 a | 15.67 a | 16.38 a | 33.10 a | 36.84 b | 30.27 c | 34.86 c |
L4 | 9.02 bc | 9.51 bc | 10.43 ab | 11.11 ab | 12.12 ab | 13.39 ab | 12.89 bc | 15.06 ab | 30.75 ab | 31.00 bc | 32.85 bc | 38.21 a |
L5 | 8.88 c | 9.10 cd | 10.19 b | 11.19 ab | 12.02 ab | 12.85 bc | 12.56 bc | 14.85 ab | 31.08 ab | 32.57 bc | 30.87 c | 36.95 bc |
L6 | 8.87 c | 9.27 cd | 10.22 b | 11.28 ab | 13.02 a | 13.19 ab | 14.67 a | 15.08 ab | 34.83 a | 36.31 b | 31.52 c | 39.48 a |
L7 | 9.15 bc | 9.41 bc | 10.18 b | 10.60 c | 12.40 a | 12.69 bc | 14.59 a | 15.70 a | 31.00 ab | 35.64 b | 31.23 c | 35.61 bc |
L8 | 9.16 bc | 9.37 bc | 10.64 ab | 11.20 ab | 11.93 ab | 12.83 bc | 14.08 ab | 14.83 ab | 30.07 ab | 34.28 bc | 33.07 ab | 34.51 c |
L9 | 9.18 bc | 10.03 ab | 10.79 a | 10.97 ab | 11.54 ab | 13.01 ab | 14.85 a | 15.95 a | 29.83 ab | 31.94 cd | 34.60 a | 37.63 ab |
L10 | 9.06 bc | 10.33 a | 10.80 a | 11.09 ab | 12.01 ab | 14.83 a | 13.34 ab | 13.90 bc | 28.75 b | 32.97 bc | 33.10 ab | 37.75 ab |
L11 | 9.18 bc | 10.31 a | 10.79 a | 11.11 ab | 12.47 a | 13.89 a | 14.70 a | 14.87 ab | 32.84 ab | 35.71 b | 34.14 a | 37.55 ab |
L12 | 8.99 c | 10.23 a | 10.38 ab | 11.09 ab | 11.04 bc | 13.22 ab | 13.08 bc | 13.90 bc | 29.45 bc | 34.66 bc | 34.71 a | 35.64 bc |
L13 | 9.05 bc | 10.34 a | 10.10 b | 10.46 c | 12.47 a | 12.72 bc | 12.60 bc | 13.94 bc | 30.95 ab | 32.97 bc | 34.31 a | 35.51 bc |
L14 | 9.32 ab | 10.44 a | 10.63 a | 10.96 ab | 12.69 a | 13.41 ab | 12.94 bc | 15.20 a | 29.47 bc | 35.49 b | 31.60 c | 39.49 a |
L15 | 9.48 a | 10.20 ab | 10.27 b | 10.60 c | 12.41 a | 13.78 ab | 14.02 ab | 15.78 a | 32.26 ab | 34.98 bc | 34.77 a | 38.98 a |
L16 | 9.51 a | 10.07 ab | 10.68 a | 11.66 a | 12.65 a | 13.02 ab | 13.85 ab | 14.33 bc | 29.47 bc | 32.83 bc | 34.63 a | 35.59 bc |
Mean | 9.08 | 9.74 | 10.51 | 11.03 | 12.26 | 13.29 | 13.81 | 14.97 | 31.15 | 34.53 | 33.11 | 36.79 |
Modern Varieties | ||||||||||||
Dhahbi | 9.97 a | 10.11 ab | 10.80 a | 10.89 cd | 13.49 a | 14.06 a | 12.79 bc | 12.95 c | 31.65 ab | 33.37 bc | 34.09 a | 36.85 bc |
INRAT 100 | 8.88 c | 9.53 bc | 10.56 ab | 11.11 ab | 12.11 ab | 13.13 ab | 13.87 ab | 15.91 a | 31.32 ab | 32.39 bc | 31.46 c | 34.83 c |
Salim | 9.15 bc | 9.19 cd | 10.83 a | 11.09 ab | 10.74 bc | 11.66 c | 14.97 a | 16.08 a | 29.12 bc | 30.93 bc | 31.68 c | 35.19 bc |
Maali | 8.21 c | 8.90 d | 10.06 b | 10.59 c | 11.71 ab | 13.35 ab | 14.05 ab | 15.08 ab | 30.09 ab | 34.32 bc | 31.33 c | 35.43 bc |
Nasr | 9.18 bc | 9.92 ab | 10.56 ab | 11.51 a | 10.82 bc | 11.32 c | 11.98 cd | 13.08 c | 30.98 ab | 32.70 bc | 34.36 a | 37.77 ab |
Om Rabiaa | 9.36 ab | 9.68 bc | 10.47 ab | 10.88 cd | 12.09 ab | 13.52 ab | 12.41 cd | 15.52 a | 30.90 ab | 33.05 bc | 28.93 cd | 31.05 d |
Khiar | 9.09 bc | 9.27 cd | 10.59 ab | 11.68 a | 10.95 bc | 11.92 bc | 12.89 bc | 15.76 a | 28.48 b | 30.19 bc | 30.55 c | 33.83 cd |
Rezzak | 9.30 ab | 9.64 bc | 10.44 ab | 10.53 c | 11.92 ab | 12.37 bc | 12.03 cd | 14.37 bc | 30.61 ab | 32.15 bc | 23.77 d | 28.15 d |
Karim | 9.28 ab | 10.35 a | 10.82 a | 11.57 a | 11.39 ab | 12.97 bc | 11.27 d | 12.97 c | 31.40 ab | 33.09 bc | 26.76 cd | 31.20 d |
Mean | 9.19 | 9.84 | 10.51 | 11.04 | 11.92 | 12.92 | 13.10 | 14.66 | 30.51 | 32.47 | 30.33 | 33.81 |
Global Mean | 9.13 | 9.79 | 10.51 | 11.03 | 12.09 | 13.10 | 13.46 | 14.81 | 30.83 | 33.50 | 31.72 | 35.30 |
Cultivars | Zeleny Sedimentation Index (cm3) | Deformation Energy (10−4 J) | ||||||||||
Kef–Boulifa Environment | Beja Environment | Kef–Boulifa Environment | Beja Environment | |||||||||
Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | Without Se | With Se | |||||
Advances Lines | ||||||||||||
L1 | 34.31 a | 36.15 a | 35.95 a | 36.89 a | 209.49 b | 245.06 b | 185.85 d | 213.86 d | ||||
L2 | 30.11 cd | 32.17 cd | 34.87 a | 37.12 a | 219.48 b | 225.80 c | 277.83 a | 285.75 b | ||||
L3 | 33.10 a | 34.11 b | 34.86 a | 36.43 a | 238.34 a | 255.19 a | 240.96 bc | 280.74 b | ||||
L4 | 30.71 cd | 32.00 cd | 33.21 ab | 34.34 bc | 200.23 c | 210.96 c | 224.85 c | 237.01 c | ||||
L5 | 30.08 cd | 32.57 cd | 33.95 bc | 36.89 a | 188.25 c | 213.27 c | 253.14 b | 264.83 bc | ||||
L6 | 32.83 ab | 34.31 b | 34.48 a | 35.23 ab | 221.65 b | 242.19 b | 224.61 c | 255.83 bc | ||||
L7 | 32.00 ab | 33.64 bc | 34.61 a | 35.65 ab | 248.68 a | 261.86 a | 150.99 e | 171.37 e | ||||
L8 | 31.07 bc | 32.28 cd | 33.51 bc | 34.54 bc | 194.52 c | 210.24 c | 197.66 d | 226.28 c | ||||
L9 | 30.83 cd | 31.90 cd | 32.63 cd | 34.14 bc | 218.88 b | 223.48 c | 214.00 c | 233.64 c | ||||
L10 | 31.65 bc | 34.97 b | 33.75 bc | 35.54 ab | 188.99 c | 219.12 c | 196.43 d | 210.10 d | ||||
L11 | 33.64 a | 34.71 b | 35.55 a | 36.64 a | 196.16 c | 223.34 c | 172.04 de | 180.83 de | ||||
L12 | 30.11 cd | 32.66 cd | 32.64 cd | 34.71 bc | 185.51 c | 218.83 c | 189.32 d | 213.11 d | ||||
L13 | 29.35 d | 31.97 d | 33.51 bc | 34.31 bc | 194.03 c | 224.10 c | 190.35 d | 210.28 d | ||||
L14 | 30.47 cd | 31.49 cd | 32.49 cd | 34.60 bc | 196.88 c | 230.58 bc | 272.50 a | 285.36 b | ||||
L15 | 32.26 ab | 33.98 b | 32.98 cd | 34.77 bc | 202.32 bc | 213.17 c | 257.67 b | 277.07 b | ||||
L16 | 29.16 d | 32.83 cd | 34.59 a | 35.63 ab | 210.95 b | 251.42 a | 167.23 de | 185.47 de | ||||
Mean | 31.36 | 33.23 | 33.97 | 35.46 | 207.15 | 229.29 | 213.46 | 233.22 | ||||
Modern Varieties | ||||||||||||
Dhahbi | 32.47 ab | 34.23 b | 31.85 d | 34.09 bc | 180.43 c | 244.76 b | 179.00 de | 192.54 d | ||||
INRAT 100 | 32.42 ab | 32.97 cd | 32.83 cd | 34.46 bc | 197.95 | 244.58 b | 184.05 d | 187.69 de | ||||
Salim | 29.23 d | 31.34 cd | 32.19 cd | 33.68 c | 176.72 cd | 182.30 d | 266.00 a | 304.32 a | ||||
Maali | 31.39 bc | 35.12 a | 33.43 bc | 35.56 ab | 240.35 a | 263.03 a | 263.11 a | 285.59 b | ||||
Nasr | 30.12 cd | 33.65 bc | 34.43 a | 35.36 ab | 187.49 c | 189.99 d | 199.01 d | 228.95 c | ||||
Om Rabiaa | 29.32 d | 33.05 bc | 31.05 d | 34.93 bc | 196.74 c | 223.74 c | 190.17 d | 213.40 d | ||||
Khiar | 30.34 cd | 31.19 cd | 33.83 bc | 34.55 bc | 165.76 d | 208.74 c | 159.77 e | 176.67 e | ||||
Rezzak | 32.61 ab | 33.15 bc | 32.15 cd | 34.77 bc | 171.21 d | 182.83 d | 147.89 e | 172.90 e | ||||
Karim | 29.40 d | 31.15 cd | 30.20 d | 32.76 c | 161.06 d | 181.97 d | 177.34 de | 203.92 d | ||||
Mean | 30.71 | 32.81 | 32.82 | 34.64 | 186.41 | 213.55 | 196.26 | 218.44 | ||||
Global Mean | 31.03 | 33.02 | 33.40 | 35.05 | 196.78 | 221.42 | 204.86 | 225.83 |
Genetic Material | Pedigree | |
---|---|---|
N° | Name | |
Advanced Lines | ||
1 | L1 | Karim/4/BD2337//D68-8-6A-3A/Karim“S”/3/Src2/Src1 |
2 | L2 | Site/3×Musk-4//Nasr/3/Maali |
3 | L3 | Dipper/3/Hui//Cit71/Cii/4/Chen/Altar84/6/Srn2/Bisu/4/Khp/D31708//Khp/3/Corm/5/Site/3×Musk-4/7/Lgt3/4/Bcr/3/Ch1//Gta/Stk |
4 | L4 | Somat-4/Silver-1//Site/3×Musk-4/3/Salim |
5 | L5 | Site/3×Musk-4//Salim/4/Bcr/Guerou-1/3/Minimus-6/Plata-16//Immer/5/Maali |
6 | L6 | Salim//D68-8-6a-3a/D68-8-93a-1a |
7 | L7 | Maali/Zeina-4/5/Somo“s”/Stn“s”/3/Tez“s”/Yav79//Hui“s”/4/Chen/Altar84 |
8 | L8 | Maali/Zeina-4/5/Somo“s”/Stn“s”/3/Tez“s”/Yav79//Hui“s”/4/Chen/Altar84 |
9 | L9 | Site/3×Musk-4//Salim/4/Bcr/Guerou-1/3/Minimus-6/Plata-16//Immer/5/Maali |
10 | L10 | Karim//Cado/Boomer-33 |
11 | L11 | Karim/Grecale//Salim |
12 | L12 | Salim/Neodur |
13 | L13 | Maali/4/Stot//Altar 84/Ald/3/Patka_7/Yazi_1/5/Altar 84//Fd8419-126-1-2/ Razzak/3/Krf-Dw/Baladia Hamra=cdss07y00659t-W-1b-12b-7b-0b |
14 | L14 | Maali/4/Arment//Srn_3/Nigris_4/3/Canelo_9.1/5/Altar84//Fd8419-126-1-2/Razzak/3/Krf-Dw/BaladiaHamra=Cdss07y00661t-L-2b-3b-14b-0b |
15 | L15 | Grecale/7/Ainzen-1/6/2×Cmh82a.1062/3/Gdovz394//Sba81/Plc/4/Aaz-1/Crex/5/Hui//Cit71/Cii/8/Maali |
16 | L16 | Grecale/7/Ainzen-1/6/2×Cmh82a.1062/3/Gdovz394//Sba81/Plc/4/Aaz-1/Crex/5/Hui//Cit71/Cii/8/Maali |
Modern Varieties | ||
17 | Dhahbi | Karim/4/BD2337//D68-8-6A3A/Karim“S”/3/Src2/Src1 |
18 | INRAT 100 | Maali/8/Green_2/Himan_12//Ship_1/7/Eco/Cmh76a.722//Bit/3/Altar84/4/Ajaia_/5/Kjove_1/6/Malmuk_1/Serrator_1/9/Salim/5/Sula/Aaz_5//Chen/Altar84/3/Ajaia_12/F3local(Sel.Ethio.135.85)//Plata_13/4/Arment//Srn_3/Nigris_4/3/Canelo_91 |
19 | Salim | ALTAR84//FD8419-126-1-2/Razzak/3/Krf/Baladia Hamra |
20 | Maali | CMH80A.1060/4/TTURA/CMH74A.370//CMH77.774/3/YAV79/5/Razzak/6/DACK“S”/YEL“S”//Khiar |
21 | Nasr | GdoVZ512/Cit//Ruff/Fg/3/Pin/Gre//TrobICD85-1340-ABL-6AP-0TR-10b-3b-0b |
22 | Om Rabiaa | JoC69/Haurani |
23 | Khiar | CHEN“S”/ALTAR84 |
24 | Rezzak | DMX69-331/Karim |
25 | Karim | 21563/AA“S”//FG“S” |
Environments | Total | Oct | Nov | Dec | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rainfall (mm) | Kef–Boulifa | 281.6 | 14.2 | 39.8 | 50.6 | 9.2 | 3 | 66.2 | 70.9 | 1.4 | 26.3 |
Beja | 409.2 | 30.4 | 68.6 | 74.2 | 20.2 | 2.6 | 101.7 | 105.5 | 1.6 | 4.4 | |
Mean | 345.4 | 108.4 | 60.7 | 52.9 | 127.4 | 61.9 | 95.9 | 40.3 | 103.2 | 1.6 | |
Temperature (°C) | Kef–Boulifa | 131.8 | 17.8 | 13.6 | 10.9 | 7.7 | 10.3 | 13.4 | 14.8 | 17.4 | 25.6 |
Beja | 150.9 | 18.5 | 17.1 | 15.6 | 13.4 | 12.9 | 16.6 | 13.2 | 17.3 | 26.3 | |
Mean | 141.3 | 18.1 | 15.3 | 13.2 | 10.5 | 11.6 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 17.3 | 25.9 | |
Evapotranspiration (mm month−1) | Kef–Boulifa | 150.3 | 145.7 | 105.0 | 80.6 | 80.6 | 106.4 | 148.8 | 186.0 | 235.6 | 264.0 |
Beja | 145.9 | 148.8 | 93.0 | 74.4 | 65.1 | 106.4 | 139.5 | 183.0 | 254.2 | 249.0 | |
Mean | 148.1 | 147.3 | 99.0 | 77.5 | 72.9 | 106.4 | 144.2 | 184.5 | 244.9 | 256.5 |
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Ayed, S.; Bouhaouel, I.; Othmani, A. Screening of Durum Wheat Cultivars for Selenium Response under Contrasting Environments, Based on Grain Yield and Quality Attributes. Plants 2022, 11, 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111437
Ayed S, Bouhaouel I, Othmani A. Screening of Durum Wheat Cultivars for Selenium Response under Contrasting Environments, Based on Grain Yield and Quality Attributes. Plants. 2022; 11(11):1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111437
Chicago/Turabian StyleAyed, Sourour, Imen Bouhaouel, and Afef Othmani. 2022. "Screening of Durum Wheat Cultivars for Selenium Response under Contrasting Environments, Based on Grain Yield and Quality Attributes" Plants 11, no. 11: 1437. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11111437