Hibiscus sabdariffa, a Treatment for Uncontrolled Hypertension. Pilot Comparative Intervention
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Recruitment and Baseline Characteristics
2.2. Chemical Composition of HS Decoction
3. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design
4.2. Participants
- Inclusion criteria:
- Age > 18 years.
- Systolic BP (SBP) ≥ 140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP (DBP) ≥ 90 mmHg, with or without ongoing antihypertensive medication.
- No evidence of cardiovascular, renal, or retinal complication.
- 2.
- Exclusion criteria:
- Hypertensive crisis requiring urgent medication.
- Overt kidney failure (serum creatinine > 1.4 mg/dL).
- Pregnant or lactating women (excluded on principle, although there is no evidence of any problems encountered with the tested food product).
- Previous adverse reaction to HS.
4.3. Intervention
4.4. Measurement Procedures
4.5. Ethical Issues
4.6. Outcome Measurements
- 1.
- SBP and DBP change after 6 weeks.
- 2.
- Proportion of participants reaching target BP (< 140/90 mmHg) after 6 weeks.
- 3.
- Percentage of participants for whom the SBP change was clinically significant (defined as a decrease of at least 10 mmHg).
- 4.
- Adverse events (any new symptoms, plausibility of a causal link).
- 5.
- Interaction with other medication, plausibility of a causal link.
- 6.
- Need to increase HS dosage during follow-up.
4.7. Statistical Analysis
4.8. General Experimental Procedures for the Chemical Analysis
4.9. Plant Material
4.10. HS Decoction Chemical Content Analysis
4.10.1. HPLC-PDA-ELSD Analysis of the HS Decoction
4.10.2. Quantitation of Anthocyanins
4.10.3. Identification and Quantitation of Hibiscus Acid by 1H-NMR
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intervention n = 76 | Control n = 45 | |
---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD) | 51.0 ± 10.3 | 53.5 ± 12.8 |
Gender (%Female) | 60.5 | 48.9 |
% on anti-hypertensive medication | 61.8 | 88.9 |
Baseline SBP | 151.6 ± 11.7 | 155.9 ± 10.6 |
Baseline DBP | 93.9 ± 8.8 | 88.7 ± 12.2 |
SBP after 6 weeks | 128.6 ± 9.2 | 151.4 ± 10.7 |
DBP after 6 weeks | 81.9 ± 7.7 | 85.1 ± 7.9 |
Mean reduction SBP * | 23.1 ± 11.8 | 4.4 ± 10.2 |
Mean reduction DBP ** | 12.0 ± 11.2 | 3.6 ± 8.7 |
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Al-Anbaki, M.; Cavin, A.-L.; Nogueira, R.C.; Taslimi, J.; Ali, H.; Najem, M.; Shukur Mahmood, M.; Abdullah Khaleel, I.; Saad Mohammed, A.; Ramadhan Hasan, H.; et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa, a Treatment for Uncontrolled Hypertension. Pilot Comparative Intervention. Plants 2021, 10, 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10051018
Al-Anbaki M, Cavin A-L, Nogueira RC, Taslimi J, Ali H, Najem M, Shukur Mahmood M, Abdullah Khaleel I, Saad Mohammed A, Ramadhan Hasan H, et al. Hibiscus sabdariffa, a Treatment for Uncontrolled Hypertension. Pilot Comparative Intervention. Plants. 2021; 10(5):1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10051018
Chicago/Turabian StyleAl-Anbaki, Marwah, Anne-Laure Cavin, Renata Campos Nogueira, Jaafar Taslimi, Hayder Ali, Mohammed Najem, Mustafa Shukur Mahmood, Ibrahim Abdullah Khaleel, Abdulqader Saad Mohammed, Hasan Ramadhan Hasan, and et al. 2021. "Hibiscus sabdariffa, a Treatment for Uncontrolled Hypertension. Pilot Comparative Intervention" Plants 10, no. 5: 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10051018
APA StyleAl-Anbaki, M., Cavin, A.-L., Nogueira, R. C., Taslimi, J., Ali, H., Najem, M., Shukur Mahmood, M., Abdullah Khaleel, I., Saad Mohammed, A., Ramadhan Hasan, H., Marcourt, L., Félix, F., Vinh Tri Low-Der’s, N., Ferreira Queiroz, E., Wolfender, J.-L., Watissée, M., & Graz, B. (2021). Hibiscus sabdariffa, a Treatment for Uncontrolled Hypertension. Pilot Comparative Intervention. Plants, 10(5), 1018. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10051018