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Scientia Pharmaceutica
  • Scientia Pharmaceutica is published by MDPI from Volume 84 Issue 3 (2016). Previous articles were published by another publisher in Open Access under a CC-BY (or CC-BY-NC-ND) licence, and they are hosted by MDPI on mdpi.com as a courtesy and upon agreement with Austrian Pharmaceutical Society (Österreichische Pharmazeutische Gesellschaft, ÖPhG).
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27 September 2009

Influence of Piperine on Transcutaneous Permeation of Repaglinide in Rats and on Tight Junction Proteins in HaCaT Cells: Unveiling the Mechanisms for Enhanced Permeation

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1
Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala-147002, India
2
Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore- 560012, India
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of piperine on permeation of repaglinide (RGE) across rat epidermis. In addition, the role of chitosan (CTN) and its combination with piperine was investigated for exploring the possibility of further enhancing the permeation of RGE. The permeation of RGE across excised rat epidermis was, respectively, ~4-fold, ~5-fold and ~6- fold higher when piperine (0.008% w/v), CTN (1% w/v), or piperine – CTN mixture was used as donor vehicle as compared to propylene glycol: ethanol (PG: EtOH) (7:3) mixture. The merger of T2 and T3 (lipid-specific) and obliteration of T4 (protein-specific) endothermic transitions in the thermograms of excised rat epidermis suggested overwhelming influence of these treatments on skin lipids and proteins. Further, the observed increase in intercellular space, disordering of lipid structure and corneocyte detachment indicated considerable effect on the ultrastructure of rat epidermis. The enhancement in permeation of RGE across rat epidermis excised after various treatments for different periods was correlated with the transepidermal water loss of similarly treated viable rat skin. The treatment of HaCaT cell line with piperine influenced the TJ plaque protein zonula occludens (ZO-1) as evidenced by reduced immunofluorescence of anti-TJP1 (ZO-1) antibody in confocal laser scanning microscopic studies. Treatment of HaCaT cells with CTN decreased the intensity of fluorescence on the cell walls only marginally. However, remarkable decrease in the immunofluorescence of anti-TJP1 (ZO-1) antibody was observed after treatment of HaCaT cells with mixture of piperine and CTN. The systemic delivery of RGE in rats was enhanced by 8-fold and 9.5-fold from transdermal formulations containing, respectively, piperine (0.008 % w/v) or piperine (0.008 % w/v)–CTN (1% w/v) mixture as enhancer. Overall, the observations suggested overwhelming influence of piperine and CTN on ZO-1 protein to be responsible for enhancing the percutaneous permeation of RGE.

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