Effect of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Clustering with or without Arterial Hypertension on Arterial Stiffness: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Treating AS in Patients with a Cluster of MetS Defining and Non Diagnostic Criteria of MetS
3.1. Pathophysiology of AS
3.2. Metabolic Syndrome (MetS)
3.3. AS in MetS with Arterial Hypertension
3.4. AS in MetS with Glucose Intolerance or T2DM
3.5. AS in MetS and Menopause
3.6. AS in MetS and CKD
3.7. AS in MetS and Hyperuricaemia
3.8. AS in MetS and Hypercoagulability
3.9. AS in MetS and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)
3.10. AS in MetS and Dyslipidaemia
3.11. AS in MetS and Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
3.12. AS in MetS: Treatment Options
4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Abbreviation List
2-HPG | 2 h plasma glucose, following a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test |
ACE-I | angiotensin enzyme inhibition |
ARBs | angiotensin II receptor blockers |
AS | arterial stiffness |
ASCOT | Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial |
AT1R | angiotensin II type 1 receptor |
BMI | body mass index |
BP | blood pressure |
CABP | central aortic blood pressure |
CAFE | Central Artery Function Evaluation study |
CKD | chronic kidney disease |
GLP-1 agonist | glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist |
CPAP | continuous positive airway pressure therapy |
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
DBP | diastolic blood pressure |
e-GFR | estimated glomerular filtration rate |
ESRD | end stage renal disease |
FPG | fasting plasma glucose |
HDL-C | high density lipoprotein cholesterol |
HOMA | homeostatic model assessment |
IFG | impaired fasting glycaemia |
IR | insulin resistance |
LDL-C | low-density lipoprotein cholesterol |
LV | left ventricle |
MetS | metabolic syndrome |
NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
NO | nitric oxide |
OSA | obstructive sleep apnea |
PCOS | polycystic ovary syndrome |
PP | pulse pressure |
PWV | pulse wave velocity |
RAAS | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
SBP | systolic blood pressure |
SUA | serum uric acid |
T2DM | type 2 diabetes mellitus |
WC | waist circumference |
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Athyros, V.G.; Reklou, A.; Lazarides, A.; Mitsiou, E.; Karagiannis, A. Effect of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Clustering with or without Arterial Hypertension on Arterial Stiffness: A Narrative Review. Diseases 2013, 1, 51-72. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases1010051
Athyros VG, Reklou A, Lazarides A, Mitsiou E, Karagiannis A. Effect of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Clustering with or without Arterial Hypertension on Arterial Stiffness: A Narrative Review. Diseases. 2013; 1(1):51-72. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases1010051
Chicago/Turabian StyleAthyros, Vasilios G., Andromachi Reklou, Antonis Lazarides, Eudoxia Mitsiou, and Asterios Karagiannis. 2013. "Effect of Cardio-Metabolic Risk Factors Clustering with or without Arterial Hypertension on Arterial Stiffness: A Narrative Review" Diseases 1, no. 1: 51-72. https://doi.org/10.3390/diseases1010051