Intelligence, Personality and Tolerance of Ambiguity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Two Theories
1.2. Other Traits
2. Method
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Procedure
3. Results
Sex Differences
4. Correlations
5. Regressions
6. Structural Equation Model
7. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Test | Description | Format | Length (Minutes) | Abilities Tested |
---|---|---|---|---|
VR | Evaluates problem-solving abilities (i.e., capacity to reason, make inferences, draw conclusions) by testing simple deductive verbal reasoning skills | Problem-solving task: After reading a statement (e.g., Jack is taller than Jill), participants need to answer a related question (e.g., Who is shorter? Jack or Jill?). | 5 | Fluid and crystallised intelligence |
PS | Measures visual checking skills (i.e., ability to identify and report on similarities/differences, details, and errors) by testing semantic perception and encoding | Letter-matching task: Participants need to identify matching letters between rows of capital and lower case letters (e.g., ADGK/afgm). | 4.5 | Broad cognitive speed |
NS | Assesses overall numeracy (i.e., capacity to process numerical information, perform mental calculations, and reason with quantitative concepts) | Number task: Out of three numbers, participants need to identify which number is numerically farther from the others (e.g., 2, 9, 5). | 2 | Fluid intelligence and memory |
WM | Evaluates vocabulary and word-related knowledge (i.e., ability to comprehend large numbers of words and identify words with similar or opposite meanings) | Semantic word task: Participants are shown three words (e.g., up, down, street) and need to specify which word is not related to the others (e.g., street). | 2.5 | Mainly crystallised intelligence |
SV | Tests mental visualisation skills (i.e., ability to visualise concepts and objects and mentally rotate and manipulate shapes and symbols) | Symbol task: Participants need to identify pairs of identical symbols (when symbols have been rotated and/or presented as mirror images of each other). | 2 | Fluid intelligence and visual perception |
M | SD | F | Cohen’s d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Conscientiousness | Female | 65.46 | 15.69 | 14.11 | −.13 |
Male | 67.41 | 15.29 | |||
Adjustment | Female | 64.89 | 16.28 | 5.50 | −.08 |
Male | 66.15 | 15.71 | |||
Curiosity | Female | 60.84 | 13.16 | 1.12 | .04 |
Male | 60.39 | 12.43 | |||
Risk Approach | Female | 58.15 | 13.35 | 108.44 | −.35 |
Male | 62.68 | 12.68 | |||
Ambiguity Acceptance | Female | 48.49 | 12.10 | 20.20 | −.15 |
Male | 50.29 | 11.85 | |||
Competitiveness | Female | 46.96 | 13.80 | 67.84 | −.28 |
Male | 50.68 | 13.18 | |||
Overall IQ | Female | 51.05 | 11.02 | 5.06 | −.08 |
Male | 51.92 | 11.86 | |||
Reasoning | Female | 40.77 | 8.77 | 22.02 | .16 |
Male | 39.36 | 9.08 | |||
Perceptual | Female | 43.02 | 6.55 | 2.20 | .05 |
Male | 42.69 | 6.59 | |||
Numbers | Female | 13.36 | 5.53 | 85.75 | −.32 |
Male | 15.26 | 6.42 | |||
Words | Female | 30.31 | 5.61 | 1.65 | .04 |
Male | 30.07 | 5.68 | |||
Spatial | Female | 9.57 | 5.10 | 65.26 | −.27 |
Male | 10.98 | 5.22 |
M | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Gender | 1.64 | .48 | ||||||||||||||
2. Age | 38.57 | 10.75 | .19 *** | |||||||||||||
3. Conscient. | 66.71 | 15.46 | .06 *** | .05 ** | ||||||||||||
4. Adjust. | 65.70 | 15.93 | .04 * | .07 *** | .41 *** | |||||||||||
5. Curiosity | 60.55 | 12.70 | −.02 | −.05 ** | .30 *** | .21 *** | ||||||||||
6. Risk Appro. | 61.05 | 13.11 | .17 *** | .12 *** | .54 *** | .45 *** | .40 *** | |||||||||
7. Amb. Accept. | 49.64 | 11.97 | .07 *** | .15 *** | .15 *** | .33 *** | .31 *** | .37 *** | ||||||||
8. Competitive. | 49.34 | 13.52 | .13 *** | −.21 *** | .31 *** | −.03 * | .11 *** | .27 *** | .00 | |||||||
9. Overall IQ | 51.61 | 11.58 | .04 * | −.12 *** | −.03 | −.04 * | .01 | .02 | .18 *** | .02 | ||||||
10. Reason | 39.87 | 9.00 | −.08 *** | −.16 *** | −.03 | −.02 | .00 | −.01 | .14 *** | .00 | .79 *** | |||||
11. Percept | 42.81 | 6.58 | −.02 | −.15 *** | −.00 | .00 | .01 | .03 * | .09 *** | .03 | .77 *** | .52 *** | ||||
12. Number | 14.58 | 6.18 | .15 *** | −.16 *** | −.01 | −.03 | −.02 | .02 | .14 *** | .10 *** | .73 *** | .45 *** | .42 *** | |||
13. Words | 30.16 | 5.66 | −.02 | .09 *** | −.05 ** | −.07 *** | .02 | −.01 | .18 *** | −.08 *** | .74 *** | .55 *** | .46 *** | .39 *** | ||
14. Spatial | 10.47 | 5.22 | .13 *** | −.03 | −.00 | −.02 | .02 | .04 ** | .11 *** | .01 | .63 *** | .34 *** | .37 *** | .41 *** | .32 *** |
Overall IQ | Reasoning | Numbers | ||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | Beta | t | B | SE | Beta | t | B | SE | Beta | t | |||||
Gender | 1.27 | .39 | .05 | 3.23 ** | −.99 | .31 | −.05 | −3.23 ** | 2.19 | .21 | .17 | 10.60 *** | ||||
Age | −.18 | .02 | −.17 | −9.92 *** | −.16 | .01 | −.19 | −11.02 *** | −.12 | .01 | −.21 | −12.88 *** | ||||
Conscient. | .00 | .02 | .00 | 0.04 | −.00 | .01 | −.00 | −0.10 | .00 | .01 | .01 | 0.33 | ||||
Adjust. | −.08 | .01 | −.11 | −5.60 *** | −.04 | .01 | −.06 | −3.38 *** | −.03 | .01 | −.07 | −3.84 *** | ||||
Curiosity | −.05 | .02 | −.06 | −3.30 *** | −.04 | .01 | −.06 | −3.40 *** | −.04 | .01 | −.08 | −4.35 *** | ||||
Risk Appro. | .02 | .02 | .02 | 0.99 | .01 | .02 | .01 | 0.49 | −.00 | .01 | −.01 | −0.45 | ||||
Amb. Accept. | .23 | .02 | .24 | 13.67 *** | .15 | .01 | .20 | 11.48 *** | .11 | .01 | .21 | 11.87 *** | ||||
Competitive. | −.02 | .02 | −.03 | −1.55 | −.02 | .01 | −.03 | −1.51 | .02 | .01 | .04 | 2.01 | ||||
Adjusted R2 | .066 | .061 | .093 | |||||||||||||
F | 34.815 | 32.058 | 50.131 | |||||||||||||
p | .000 | .000 | .000 | |||||||||||||
Words | Spatial | |||||||||||||||
B | SE | Beta | t | B | SE | Beta | t | |||||||||
Gender | −.40 | .19 | −.03 | −2.08 * | 1.49 | .18 | .14 | 8.26 *** | ||||||||
Age | .03 | .01 | .06 | 3.59 *** | −.04 | .01 | −.08 | −4.70 *** | ||||||||
Conscient. | −.00 | .01 | −.00 | −0.11 | .00 | .01 | .01 | 0.41 | ||||||||
Adjust. | −.05 | .01 | −.14 | −7.54 *** | −.03 | .01 | −.08 | −4.18 *** | ||||||||
Curiosity | −.01 | .01 | −.01 | −0.59 | −.01 | .01 | −.02 | −0.97 | ||||||||
Risk Appro. | −.00 | .01 | −.01 | −0.34 | .01 | .01 | .03 | 1.44 | ||||||||
Amb. Accept. | .11 | .01 | .23 | 12.90 *** | .06 | .01 | .13 | 7.33 *** | ||||||||
Competitive. | −.03 | .01 | −.06 | −3.37 *** | −.02 | .01 | −.04 | −2.12 * | ||||||||
Adjusted R2 | .061 | .035 | ||||||||||||||
F | 31.911 | 18.446 | ||||||||||||||
p | .000 | .000 |
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Cuppello, S.; Treglown, L.; Furnham, A. Intelligence, Personality and Tolerance of Ambiguity. J. Intell. 2023, 11, 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11060102
Cuppello S, Treglown L, Furnham A. Intelligence, Personality and Tolerance of Ambiguity. Journal of Intelligence. 2023; 11(6):102. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11060102
Chicago/Turabian StyleCuppello, Stephen, Luke Treglown, and Adrian Furnham. 2023. "Intelligence, Personality and Tolerance of Ambiguity" Journal of Intelligence 11, no. 6: 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/jintelligence11060102