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Computation
Volume 14
Issue 2
10.3390/computation14020041
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Modelling of Batch Fermentation Processes of Ethanol Production by Kluyveromyces marxianus

by
Olympia Roeva
1,2,*,
Anastasiya Zlatkova
3,
Velislava Lyubenova
3,
Maya Ignatova
3,
Denitsa Kristeva
3,
Gergana Roeva
3 and
Dafina Zoteva
4
1
Department of Bioinformatics and Mathematical Modelling, Institute of Biophysics and Biomedical Engineering, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 105, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
2
Centre of Excellence in Informatics and Information and Communication Technologies, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
3
Department of Mechatronic Bio/Technological Systems, Institute of Robotics, Bulgarian Academy of Science, Acad. Georgi Bonchev Str., Block 2, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
4
Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Sofia University “St. Kliment Ohridski”, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Computation 2026, 14(2), 41; https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020041
Submission received: 15 December 2025 / Revised: 19 January 2026 / Accepted: 22 January 2026 / Published: 2 February 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Computational Biology)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

A representative cluster-based model of the batch process of ethanol production by Kluyveromyces sp. is proposed. Experimental data from fermentation processes of 17 different strains of K. marxianus are used; each of them potentially exhibits different metabolic and kinetic behavior. Three algorithms for clustering are applied. Two modifications of Principal Component Analysis (PCA)—hierarchical clustering and k-means clustering; and InterCriteria Analysis (ICrA) are used to simplify a large dataset into a smaller set while preserving as much information as possible. The experimental data are organized into two main clusters. As a result, the most representative fermentation processes are identified. For each of the fermentation processes in the clusters, structural and parameter identification are performed. Four different structures describing the specific substrate (glucose) consumption rate are applied. The best structure is used to derive the representative model using the data from the first cluster. Verification of the derived model is performed using experimental data of the second cluster. Model parameter identification is performed by applying an evolutionary optimization algorithm.
Keywords: ethanol production; batch fermentation; Kluyveromyces sp.; representative (cluster-based) process model; PCA; ICrA ethanol production; batch fermentation; Kluyveromyces sp.; representative (cluster-based) process model; PCA; ICrA

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Roeva, O.; Zlatkova, A.; Lyubenova, V.; Ignatova, M.; Kristeva, D.; Roeva, G.; Zoteva, D. Modelling of Batch Fermentation Processes of Ethanol Production by Kluyveromyces marxianus. Computation 2026, 14, 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020041

AMA Style

Roeva O, Zlatkova A, Lyubenova V, Ignatova M, Kristeva D, Roeva G, Zoteva D. Modelling of Batch Fermentation Processes of Ethanol Production by Kluyveromyces marxianus. Computation. 2026; 14(2):41. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020041

Chicago/Turabian Style

Roeva, Olympia, Anastasiya Zlatkova, Velislava Lyubenova, Maya Ignatova, Denitsa Kristeva, Gergana Roeva, and Dafina Zoteva. 2026. "Modelling of Batch Fermentation Processes of Ethanol Production by Kluyveromyces marxianus" Computation 14, no. 2: 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020041

APA Style

Roeva, O., Zlatkova, A., Lyubenova, V., Ignatova, M., Kristeva, D., Roeva, G., & Zoteva, D. (2026). Modelling of Batch Fermentation Processes of Ethanol Production by Kluyveromyces marxianus. Computation, 14(2), 41. https://doi.org/10.3390/computation14020041

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