Black Buddhists and the Body: New Approaches to Socially Engaged Buddhism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. What Is Socially Engaged Buddhism? An Overview
“Religion and politics do mix and both agree that it is the clear duty of religion to serve humanity, that it must not ignore reality. It is not sufficient for religious people to be involved with prayer. Rather, they are morally obliged to contribute all they can to solving the world’s problems”
According to Buddhist thought, a Bodhisattva is someone on a path to Buddhahood who dedicates themselves entirely to helping all other sentient beings towards release from suffering. The word Bodhisattva can best be understood by translating the Bodhi and Sattva separately: Bodhi means the understanding or wisdom of the ultimate nature of reality, and a Sattva is someone who is motivated by universal compassion. The Bodhisattva ideal is thus the aspiration to practise infinite compassion with infinite wisdom.3
Unless we restore the Earth’s balance, we will continue to cause a lot of destruction and it will be difficult for life on Earth to continue. We need to realize that the conditions that will help to restore the necessary balance don’t come from outside us; they come from inside us, from our own mindfulness, our own level of awareness. Our own awakened consciousness is what can heal the earth.5
Can the peace movement talk in loving speech, showing the way for peace. I think that will depend on whether the people in the peace movement can be peace. Because without being peace, we cannot do anything for peace…The peace movement is filled with anger and hatred. It cannot fulfill the path we expect from them. A fresh way of being peace, of doing peace is needed.
1.2. White Western Buddhists and Socially Engaged Buddhism
When I went to talk to Afro-American coalitions, for example, I was always introduced as “Bernie, the guy who makes all those great cakes.” Then we could talk about politics and housing strategy and so on. I was still white, but I was more accepted because of my role in the bakery they all loved.
…it’s in the nature of form to exclude other forms. As soon as you create something, you create a boundary. No matter how deep our sense of egolessness is, or how far we can extend our sense of interconnectedness, we still feel some kind of separation. And the practice, the path, in trying to eliminate that boundary, then creates a new one. The trick, I think, is to be aware of this so that you can either expand the boundary or perhaps create another way to take care of the aspect that has been left out.8
We have no self; we have no fixed and immutable “nature.” We have ourselves created our own characteristic patterns of feeling and behaving through our responses to the events of our lives, until they have become habitual. These habitual patterns are what we call our “selves” or our “natures.” The important point is that they can be transformed by intentional and sustained effort. In many ways, this is the main point of Buddhist practice: we are responsible for our own inner life; we can and should shape it intelligently for our own well-being and that of others.9
1.3. Black Buddhists and the Body: Race, Gender, Sexuality, and Social Movements
Some [Buddhist practitioners] said, “We are delusional; there is no self.” Others said “We are attached to some idea of ourselves.” If I could “just let go of being this or that, my life would be freed from pain.” I thought for a time that I was holding on to my identity too tightly. Perhaps, I thought, if I “empty” my mind the pain in my heart will dissolve. What I found is that flat, simplified, diluted ideas could not shake me from my pain. I needed to bring the validity of my unique, individual, and collective background to the practice of Dharma. “I am not invisible!” I wanted to shout.Although my teachers taught us the absolute truths of Zen practice, they seemed to negate identity without considering the implications that identity can have for oppressed groups of people. The critique of identity overlooks the emotional, empowering, and positive effects of identity on those who are socially and politically objectified.
The primary way that humans relate to other human beings is through the embodiment and social identity, including constructed identity. And yet, teachings on ultimate, formless reality facilitate liberation of the mind. Manuel quotes Dogen, founder of the Soto Zen tradition:…simply knowing race to be constructed or an illusion does nothing to change the mind saturated with hatred. To know that there are many ways to live sexually, with or without a prescribed gender, does not affect the extent to which one might be tortured or killed for doing so. Hatred remains potent whether directed at a construct, an illusion, or at the reality of others. Therefore, identity should not be dismissed in our efforts towards spiritual awakening. On the contrary, identity is to be explored on the path of awakening. Identity is not merely of a political nature; it is inclusive of our essential nature when stripped of distortion. In other words, identity is not the problem, but the distortions we bring to it are.11
To study the Buddha way is to study the self. To study the self is to forget the self. To forget the self is to be actualized by myriad things. When actualized by myriad things, your body and mind as well as the bodies and minds of others drop away. No trace of realization remains, and this no-trace continues endlessly.
I have experienced awakening in many worlds, and across those worlds my awakening came within racist, sexist, and homophobic environments. This is important to note. Awakening does not come in a blind, euphoric, or empty world.
Beings are numberless; I vow to save them all.Desires are inexhaustible; I vow to put an end to them.The truth is boundless; I vow to perceive it.Liberation is unattainable; I vow to attain it.17
Black, white, mixed, Cherokee, Blackfoot. High yellow and sweet berry Black. The Catholic that never was. The Baptist, agnostic, heathen, not Buddhist but Zen priest. Poster child modeling pain, foreigner in my own land. Being in the territory doesn’t make you belong. Every time I tried to stay within the lines, they ran over me, so I chose the borderlands and left the divisions behind…the dharma that I would come to taught me everything and the path of liberation is paved with pain and joy but always near when you know you’re just looking to return to you and have to leave the home of Me behind.18
Nirvana literally means “to blow out” (nir, “out”; vana “blow”) craving and a chimerical sense of the self, like a candle’s flame, thereby leading to our experience of things in their true impermanence, codependency, and emptiness (sunyata)…However, Buddhism also acknowledges a region of conventional, relative truth (samvrti-satya) that is our daily, lived experience, and for this reason Shakyamuni in the sutras can refer to his disciples individually and by name. Here, in the realm of relative truth and contingency, of conditioned arising, each person presents to us a phenomenal, historical “substance,” which due to custom and habit we refer to as “individuality”.
Fortunately, a black American exposed to the Buddhadharma sees that these racial illusions so much a part of conventional reality—as the caste system was in the time of the Buddha, who rejected the essentialistic thought that made some men and women “Untouchable”—are products of the relative, conditioned mind. He realizes that while he is not blind to what his own valuable yet adventitious racial, gender, or class differences reveal to him, neither is he bound by them; and those very phenomenal conditions may, in fact, spark his dedication to social transformations intended to help all sentient beings achieve liberation. The Buddha employed upaya kaushala (“skillful means”) when he taught the truth of anatta, and said he would teach a doctrine of self if his followers became attached to the idea of No-self. Always, his teachings foreground the importance of a radical freedom.
Dharma practice called my attention to the deepest of my investments in white supremacy and made me feel, without sugar coats, without apology or redemption, how deeply destructive it is to live in the afterlife of slavery as the unembodied trauma of the white experience.23
2. Conclusions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | Ibid, pp. 124, 265. He describes methods of torture such as “crucifixion, vivisection, disemboweling and dismemberment of victims [as] commonplace.” He notes that, as of 1990, “almost one and a quarter million Tibetans lost their lives from starvation, execution, torture, and suicide, and tends of thousands lingered in prison camps...” (Ibid, p. 149). Furthermore, China continues to produce nuclear weaponry in Tibet and to dump nuclear waste (some of it received from other countries) in Tibetan rural areas, causing environmental destruction and illnesses. |
2 | Ibid, pp. 227, 268. |
3 | Ibid, pp. 204–5. |
4 | “The Order of Interbeing, Tiep Hien in Vietnamese, is a community of monastics and lay people who have committed to living their lives in accord with the Fourteen Mindfulness Trainings, a distillation of the Bodhisattva (Enlightened Being) teachings of Mahayana Buddhism. Established by Venerable Thich Nhat Hanh in Saigon in 1966, the Order of Interbeing was founded in the Linji tradition of Buddhist meditative practice and emphasizes the four spirits: non-attachment from views, direct experimentation on the nature of interdependent origination through meditation, appropriateness, and skillful means.” See (Thich Nhat Hanh Foundation n.d.). Nhat Hanh is concerned with appealing to Western audiences; he founded the Order of Interbeing (1966) and the Unified Buddhist Church (1968) and later Plum Village, his monastic order in France. |
5 | Ibid, p. 56. |
6 | Ibid, p. 51. |
7 | Ibid, p. 93. |
8 | Ibid, p. 31. |
9 | Ibid, p. 47. |
10 | (Manuel 2015, pp. 17–18). Manuel writes further, on page 47, that “Those who shed light on particular mistreatments become the focus, rather than the mistreatment itself. It is quite possible for the majority of the community to stand aloof and watch, as if they are not affected by the mistreatment. This kind of experience can become the source of longstanding divisiveness and isolation.” |
11 | Ibid, pp. 7–8. |
12 | |
13 | Ibid, p. 24. |
14 | Ibid. |
15 | Ibid, p. 25. |
16 | Ibid, p. 26 |
17 | Quoted in (Williams et al. 2016, pp. 26–35). |
18 | Ibid, pp. 34–35. |
19 | Ibid, p. 13. |
20 | Ibid, p. 72. |
21 | (Johnson 2014, p. 30). Johnson’s application of Buddhist teachings to the conditions of contemporary black America echoes Angel Kyodo Williams’s Being Black: Zen and the Art of Living with Fearlessness and Grace (2000) and Jan Willis’s Dreaming Me: Black, Baptist, and Buddhist (2001). |
22 | Ibid. |
23 | Ibid. |
© 2017 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Vesely-Flad, R. Black Buddhists and the Body: New Approaches to Socially Engaged Buddhism. Religions 2017, 8, 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110239
Vesely-Flad R. Black Buddhists and the Body: New Approaches to Socially Engaged Buddhism. Religions. 2017; 8(11):239. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110239
Chicago/Turabian StyleVesely-Flad, Rima. 2017. "Black Buddhists and the Body: New Approaches to Socially Engaged Buddhism" Religions 8, no. 11: 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110239
APA StyleVesely-Flad, R. (2017). Black Buddhists and the Body: New Approaches to Socially Engaged Buddhism. Religions, 8(11), 239. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8110239