Who Is Interested in Developing the Way of Saint James? The Pilgrimage from Faith to Tourism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Materials and Methods
- Pilgrims arriving in Santiago via The Way are not required to register with the Office. A considerable number of pilgrims fly under the radar on this type of survey because they are not interested in receiving the Compostela certificate (or because they already received it, having done The Way before) or simply because they are not interested in general.
- The Compostela is a way of revealing only the pilgrims who end up in Santiago but not the ones who travel part of The Way without reaching Santiago. For this reason, they donot take into account some contemporary provisional variants; in fact, if, in the past, doing The Way involved having a lot of time, there are currently not just full-time pilgrims that travel to Santiago without stopping (they do The Way all at once), but also “part-time pilgrims”. These modern pilgrims reach Santiago in stages, in that they have little time and they do The Way at different times. For example, N.L. Frey (1998) calls the pilgrims that do The Way at weekends and tend to use pilgrimage associations “weekend pilgrims”. According to F. Cazaux (2011, p. 355), “this opportunity to accomplish the pilgrimage at various times of the year, following different routes and across several years, gave me the opportunity to apprehend the formation of the pilgrim community during different periods and to observe different methods of pilgrimage”.
- The Compostela is only issued when the pilgrims confirm that they did The Way for religious reasons, which is a criterion that alters the truthfulness of the values, especially in terms of the motivations stated when issued, because, while obtaining this document (now a symbol of Jacobean pilgrimage), the pilgrims do not always state their real reason (Santos Solla and Lois González 2011; Lopez 2014).
- Pilgrims identified as such through the Compostela must then be added to the tourists who arrive in Santiago or to other of The Way’s main locations. In order to address these critical issues and provide a new source of official data not exclusively linked to the Diocese of Santiago de Compostela, the abovementioned Observatory was founded in 2007. It was financed by the Galician government for three years until 2010. The data compiled by the Observatory during these three years areparticularly interesting for contemporary pilgrim profiling.
4. Discussion
4.1. Phase 1: The Francoist Period—1939–1978
4.1.1. Context
4.1.2. Actors
4.1.3. Pilgrims
4.2. Phase 2: 1978–Present
4.2.1. Context
4.2.2. Actors
4.2.3. Pilgrims
5. Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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1 | Therefore, we use the expression The Way to refer to The Way of St. James. |
2 | The development of The French Way and its stages were described in the famous Codex Colixtinus, also known as Liber Sancti Iacobi, particularly in the fifth section, “Liber Peregrinationis”. Given its descriptive thoroughness, this source was used as a reference to trace the historical layout of the French Way, declared a World Heritage Site in 1993. |
3 | The Holy Jacobean Year is essentially a Jubilee year extended uniquely to the city of Santiago de Compostela. It represents a privilege granted in 1179 by Pope Alexander III. The Holy Years are also called Jacobean Years, which are celebrated every six, five, six, and 11 years when the feast of Saint James (25 July) falls on a Sunday. |
4 | One example of the possible differences in turnout data in Santiago appeared in 1943, the year when Franco organised a Falangist pilgrimage. The Official Journal of the Archdiocese reported just 3000 admissions, although the press reported approximately 50,000 people. |
5 | The pilgrimage must at least cover 100 km on foot or 200 km by bike or on horseback. |
6 | The first group in the Association (from Estella, Navarre) was already around since 1962. |
Year | Pilgrims |
---|---|
1970 | 68 |
1971 | 451 |
1972 | 67 |
1976 | 243 |
1977 | 31 |
Year | Groups | Pilgrims |
---|---|---|
1943 | 128 | 100,000 |
1948 | 124 | 166,000 |
1954 | 364 | 225,000 |
1965 | 428 | 280,000 |
1971 | 496 | 305,000 |
1976 | 578 | 315,000 |
Year | Groups from Galicia | Groups from Spain | Groups of Foreigners |
---|---|---|---|
1943 | 93 | 35 | 0 |
1948 | 84 | 36 | 4 |
1954 | 155 | 142 | 67 |
1965 | 205 | 185 | 38 |
1971 | 183 | 280 | 33 |
1976 | 271 | 266 | 41 |
2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | |
---|---|---|---|---|
% | % | % | % | |
Historic–artistic heritage | 25.8 | 25.0 | 23.9 | 21.2 |
Natural heritage | 39.3 | 33.7 | 36.0 | 31.3 |
Spiritual reason | 50.3 | 53.1 | 49.4 | 48.5 |
Religious motivation | 38.1 | 38.3 | 39.5 | 47.6 |
Popular culture | 16.2 | 15.7 | 14.6 | 14.7 |
Sport | 22.8 | 19.8 | 20.8 | 19.7 |
Fun | 17.1 | 14.8 | 19.2 | 17.1 |
Other | 7.2 | 8.0 | 9.0 | 8.8 |
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Moscarelli, R.; Lopez, L.; Lois González, R.C. Who Is Interested in Developing the Way of Saint James? The Pilgrimage from Faith to Tourism. Religions 2020, 11, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11010024
Moscarelli R, Lopez L, Lois González RC. Who Is Interested in Developing the Way of Saint James? The Pilgrimage from Faith to Tourism. Religions. 2020; 11(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11010024
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoscarelli, Rossella, Lucrezia Lopez, and Rubén Camilo Lois González. 2020. "Who Is Interested in Developing the Way of Saint James? The Pilgrimage from Faith to Tourism" Religions 11, no. 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11010024