Influence of Health Beliefs on COVID-19 Vaccination among Individuals with Cancer and Other Comorbidities in Puerto Rico
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Study Measures
2.2.1. Disease Status
2.2.2. COVID-19 Vaccination Intent
2.2.3. COVID-19 Beliefs and Vaccination against It
2.2.4. COVID-19 Experience across Socio-Demographic, Behavioral, and Clinical Characteristics
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Disease Status | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Total Sample n = 1911 n (%) | Healthy n = 476 (24.9%) | Cancer n = 97 (5.1%) | Other Comorbidities n = 1338 (70.0%) | p-Value |
Sex 1 | 0.258 | ||||
Female Male | 1444 (76.2) 451 (23.8) | 348 (73.6) 125 (26.4) | 71(74.7) 24 (25.3) | 1025 (77.3) 302 (22.7) | |
Age group (years) | <0.001 | ||||
18–29 | 481 (25.2) | 168 (35.3) | 3 (3.1) | 310 (23.2) | |
30–39 | 361 (18.9) | 101 (21.2) | 15 (15.5) | 245 (18.3) | |
40–49 | 426 (22.3) | 118 (24.8) | 10 (10.3) | 298 (22.3) | |
≥50 | 643 (33.6) | 89 (18.7) | 69 (71.1) | 485 (36.2) | |
Highest education level | 0.710 | ||||
High school graduate or less | 70 (3.6) | 16 (3.4) | 4 (4.1) | 50 (3.8) | |
Associate degree | 168 (8.8) | 50 (10.5) | 7 (7.2) | 111 (8.3) | |
Some college | 101 (5.3) | 19 (4.0) | 7 (7.2) | 75 (5.6) | |
Undergraduate degree | 691 (36.2) | 183 (38.4) | 37 (38.1) | 471 (35.2) | |
Masters | 537 (28.1) | 128 (26.9) | 26 (26.9) | 383 (28.6) | |
Doctoral degree | 344 (18.0) | 80 (16.8) | 16 (16.5) | 248 (18.5) | |
Employment status | 0.062 | ||||
Working | 1256 (65.7) | 316 (66.4) | 53 (54.6) | 887 (66.3) | |
Not working | 655 (34.3) | 160 (33.6) | 44 (45.4) | 451 (33.7) | |
Annual household income | 0.321 | ||||
≤$20,000 | 325 (17.0) | 75 (15.8) | 22 (22.7) | 228 (17.0) | |
$20,001–$40,000 | 474 (24.8) | 109 (22.9) | 21 (21.6) | 344 (25.7) | |
$40,001–$75,000 | 461 (24.1) | 119 (25.0) | 22 (22.7) | 320 (23.9) | |
>$75,000 | 466 (24.4) | 129 (27.1) | 27 (27.8) | 310 (23.2) | |
Prefer not to answer | 185 (9.7) | 44 (9.2) | 5 (5.2) | 136 (10.2) | |
Received influenza vaccine in the previous year | 0.053 | ||||
Yes | 966 (50.5) | 222 (46.6) | 57 (58.8) | 687 (51.3) | |
No | 945 (49.5) | 254 (53.4) | 40 (41.2) | 651 (48.7) | |
Importance of religiosity | 0.003 | ||||
Less important | 411 (21.5) | 112 (23.5) | 13 (13.4) | 286 (21.4) | |
Somewhat important | 338 (17.7) | 96 (20.1) | 14 (14.4) | 228 (17.0) | |
Important | 498 (26.1) | 134 (28.2) | 23 (23.7) | 341 (25.5) | |
Very important | 664 (34.7) | 134 (28.2) | 47 (48.5) | 482 (36.1) | |
Confidence filling out medical forms | 0.255 | ||||
Extremely/a little uncomfortable | 99 (5.2) | 19 (4.0) | 5 (5.2) | 75 (5.6) | |
Neutral | 404 (21.1) | 85 (17.9) | 18 (18.6) | 301 (22.5) | |
Very comfortable | 544 (28.5) | 141 (29.6) | 28 (28.9) | 375 (28.0) | |
Extremely comfortable | 864 (45.2) | 231 (48.5) | 46 (47.3) | 587 (43.9) |
Disease Status | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristic | Healthy | Cancer | Other Comorbidities | p-Value |
Vaccine Intent | ||||
Do you have plans to get vaccinated against COVID-19 when a vaccine is available? | 0.093 | |||
Yes | 381 (80.0) | 86 (88.7) | 1110 (83.0) | |
No or unsure | 95 (20.0) | 11 (11.3) | 228 (17.0) | |
Perceived susceptibility | ||||
My chance of getting COVID-19 in the next few months is high | 0.006 | |||
Agree | 243 (51.0) | 60 (61.9) | 791 (59.1) | |
Disagree | 233 (49.0) | 37 (38.1) | 547 (40.9) | |
I am worried about the likelihood of getting COVID-19 | 0.002 | |||
Agree | 431 (90.5) | 96 (99.0) | 1257 (94.0) | |
Disagree | 45 (9.5) | 1 (1.0) | 81 (6.0) | |
Getting COVID-19 is currently a possibility for me | 0.007 | |||
Agree | 300 (63.0) | 70 (72.2) | 945 (70.6) | |
Disagree | 176 (37.0) | 27 (27.8) | 393 (29.4) | |
Perceived severity | ||||
The complications from contracting COVID-19 are serious | 0.359 | |||
Agree | 458 (96.2) | 96 (99.0) | 1300 (97.2) | |
Disagree | 18 (3.8) | 1 (1.0) | 38 (2.8) | |
I will be very sick if I get COVID-19 | <0.001 | |||
Agree | 236 (49.6) | 82 (84.5) | 894 (66.8) | |
Disagree | 240 (50.4) | 15 (15.5) | 444 (33.2) | |
I am afraid of getting COVID-19 | <0.001 | |||
Agree | 379 (79.6) | 88 (90.7) | 1160 (86.7) | |
Disagree | 97 (20.4) | 9 (9.3) | 178 (13.3) | |
Perceived benefits | ||||
Vaccination is a good idea because it makes me feel less worried about catching COVID-19 | 0.174 | |||
Agree | 384 (80.7) | 84 (86.6) | 1123 (83.9) | |
Disagree | 92 (19.3) | 13 (13.4) | 215 (16.1) | |
Vaccination decreases my chances of getting COVID-19 or its complications | 0.156 | |||
Agree | 411 (86.3) | 90 (92.8) | 1185 (88.6) | |
Disagree | 65 (13.7) | 7 (7.2) | 153 (11.4) | |
Perceived barriers | ||||
I worry the possible side-effects of COVID-19 vaccination would interfere with my usual activities | 0.009 | |||
Agree | 162 (34.0) | 29 (29.9) | 542 (40.5) | |
Disagree | 314 (66.0) | 68 (70.1) | 796 (59.5) | |
I am concerned about the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination | 0.493 | |||
Agree | 190 (39.9) | 41 (42.3) | 576 (43.1) | |
Disagree | 286 (60.1) | 56 (57.7) | 762 (56.9) | |
I am concerned about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccination | 0.597 | |||
Agree | 184 (38.7) | 42 (43.3) | 546 (40.8) | |
Disagree | 292 (61.3) | 55 (56.7) | 792 (59.2) | |
Cues to action | ||||
I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if I am given adequate information about it | 0.003 | |||
Agree | 260 (54.6) | 54 (55.7) | 845 (63.2) | |
Disagree | 216 (45.4) | 43 (44.3) | 493 (36.8) | |
I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine is taken by many in the public | 0.144 | |||
Agree | 77 (16.2) | 20 (20.6) | 271 (20.2) | |
Disagree | 399 (83.8) | 77 (79.4) | 1067 (79.8) |
Cancer Diagnosis | Other Comorbidities | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Outcomes | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
Vaccine Intent | ||||
Do you have plans to get vaccinated against COVID-19 when a vaccine is available? | ||||
Yes | 1.95 (1.00–3.79) | 2.08 (1.00–4.30) * | 1.21 (0.93–1.58) | 1.29 (0.96–1.73) |
No or unsure | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Perceived Susceptibility | ||||
My chance of getting COVID-19 in the next few months is high | ||||
Agree | 1.55 (0.99–2.43) | 1.63 (1.01–2.62) * | 1.39 (1.12–1.71) | 1.39 (1.11–1.73) * |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
I am worried about the likelihood of getting COVID-19 | ||||
Agree | 10.02 (1.36–73.6) | 10.10 (1.32–77.2) | 1.62 (1.11–2.37) | 1.63 (1.09–2.44) * |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Getting COVID-19 is currently a possibility for me | ||||
Agree | 1.52 (0.94–2.46) | 1.94 (1.16–3.25) * | 1.41 (1.13–1.76) | 1.56 (1.24–1.97) * |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Perceived Severity | ||||
The complications from contracting COVID-19 are serious | ||||
Agree | 3.77 (0.50–28.6) | 3.92 (0.48–31.4) | 1.34 (0.76–2.38) | 1.40 (0.77–2.55) |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
I will be very sick if I get COVID-19 | ||||
Agree | 5.56 (3.12–9.92) | 4.18 (2.30–7.58) * | 2.05 (1.66–2.53) | 1.83 (1.47–2.28) * |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
I am afraid of getting COVID-19 | ||||
Agree | 2.50 (1.22–5.15) | 2.51 (1.18–5.35) * | 1.67 (1.27–2.19) | 1.67 (1.25–2.22) * |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Perceived Benefits | ||||
Vaccination is a good idea because it makes me feel less worried about catching COVID-19 | ||||
Agree | 1.55 (0.83–2.90) | 1.57 (0.80–3.06) | 1.25 (0.96–1.64) | 1.32 (0.99–1.76) |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Vaccination decreases my chances of getting COVID-19 or its complications | ||||
Agree | 2.03 (0.90–4.58) | 2.30 (0.97–5.45) | 1.22 (0.89–1.67) | 1.31 (0.93–1.83) |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Perceived Barriers | ||||
I worry the possible side-effects of COVID-19 vaccination would interfere with my usual activities | ||||
Agree | 0.83 (0.51–1.33) | 0.69 (0.41–1.16) | 1.32 (1.06–1.64) | 1.23 (0.97–1.56) |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
I am concerned about the safety of the COVID-19 vaccination | ||||
Agree | 1.21 (0.79–1.89) | 1.08 (0.67–1.76) | 1.09 (0.88–1.36) | 0.99 (0.79–1.26) |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
I am concerned about the efficacy of the COVID-19 vaccination | ||||
Agree | 1.10 (0.71–1.72) | 1.02 (0.63–1.65) | 1.14 (0.92–1.41) | 1.04 (0.82–1.31) |
Disagree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Cues to Action | ||||
I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if I was given adequate information about it | ||||
Agree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Disagree | 1.04 (0.67–1.62) | 1.14 (0.72–1.81) | 1.42 (1.15–1.76) | 1.42 (1.14–1.77) * |
I will only take the COVID-19 vaccine if the vaccine is taken by many in the public | ||||
Agree | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Disagree | 1.35 (0.78–2.33) | 1.22 (0.68–2.19) | 1.32 (0.99–1.74) | 1.23 (0.92–1.65) |
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Share and Cite
Rodriguez, M.; López-Cepero, A.; Ortiz-Martínez, A.P.; Fernández-Repollet, E.; Pérez, C.M. Influence of Health Beliefs on COVID-19 Vaccination among Individuals with Cancer and Other Comorbidities in Puerto Rico. Vaccines 2021, 9, 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090994
Rodriguez M, López-Cepero A, Ortiz-Martínez AP, Fernández-Repollet E, Pérez CM. Influence of Health Beliefs on COVID-19 Vaccination among Individuals with Cancer and Other Comorbidities in Puerto Rico. Vaccines. 2021; 9(9):994. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090994
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodriguez, McClaren, Andrea López-Cepero, Ana P. Ortiz-Martínez, Emma Fernández-Repollet, and Cynthia M. Pérez. 2021. "Influence of Health Beliefs on COVID-19 Vaccination among Individuals with Cancer and Other Comorbidities in Puerto Rico" Vaccines 9, no. 9: 994. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9090994