Expanding Protection Motivation Theory to Explain Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake among Taiwanese University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. The Latent Variables with Corresponding Items, Likert-Scale, and Cronbach Coefficients
- 1.
- I know exactly how the vaccine will protect me from getting the COVID-19我非常清楚疫苗將會如何保護我免於感染新冠肺炎。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 2.
- I know exactly by what kind of mechanism the vaccine will activate to protect my body fight against the COVID-19 virus我了解疫苗將經由何種機制來幫助我的身體對抗新冠肺炎病毒。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 3.
- The COVID-19 vaccine plays an important role in protecting our life新冠肺炎疫苗將會在保護我和其他人的生命上扮演重要角色。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意
- 4.
- Receiving a vaccine injection is going to reduce the possibility to get COVID-19注射疫苗將能非常有效地保護我免於感染新冠肺炎。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 5.
- Receiving the COVID-19 vaccine is important to me對我來說,注射新冠肺炎疫苗將會是重要的事。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 6.
- Receiving the vaccine will significantly reduce the possibility of getting COVID-19注射疫苗將能大幅降低我感染新冠肺炎的機會。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 7.
- Receiving the COVID-19 vaccine will have a positive influence on my health status注射新冠肺炎疫苗將會對我的健康有正面的影響。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 8.
- I will make the decision by myself in the future whether to receive the COVID-19 vaccine or not未來我將會幫自己決定是否要注射新冠肺炎疫苗。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意
- 9.
- If I get a flu-like symptom tomorrow, I will be very worried.如果您明天出現類似流行性感冒的症狀,您可能會:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 10.
- In the past week, I was worried that I might get COVID-19在過去一星期,您是否曾經擔心自己會得到新冠肺炎?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 11.
- Please rate your current worry level concerning the COVID-19 pandemic from 1 (not worried at all) to 10 (extremely worried)請從1到10之間選個數字,來代表您現在對於新冠肺炎的擔心程度高低。
- 12.
- In the following one month, I think it’s likely that I will get COVID-19您覺得自己未來一個月得到新冠肺炎的可能性有多高?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意 - 13.
- Compared to other people (except my family), I think it’s likely that I will get COVID-19和您家人以外的他人比較的話,您覺得自己未來一個月得到新冠肺炎的機會有多高?
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意
- 14.
- I think that receiving the vaccine will make a great contribution to my happiness and wellbeing in the future新冠肺炎疫苗將會對於我的健康和幸福有著重要貢獻。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意
- 15.
- I think it will be stressful for me to receive the vaccine in the future我預測未來我將會在注射新冠肺炎疫苗這件事情上感受到壓力。
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Strongly disagree Disagree Somewhat disagree Neither agree or disagree Somewhat agree Agree Strongly agree 完全不同意 很不同意 有一點不同意 沒同意也沒不同意 有一點同意 很同意 完全同意
- 16.
- Please rate your intention to get COVID-19 vaccination in the future from 1 (totally unwilling to) to 10 (extremely willing to)請從1到10之間選個數字,來代表您現在對於日後願意接受新冠肺炎疫苗注射的程度。
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Variables | N (%) | χ2 | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Entire Taiwanese University Students (n = 1,203,429) | Respondents in the Present Study (n = 924) | |||
Sex | 60.54 | <0.001 | ||
Male | 594,816 (49.4) | 575 (62.2) | ||
Female | 608,613 (50.6) | 349 (37.8) | ||
Study major | 1230.94 | <0.001 | ||
Major in medicine | 114,330 (9.5) | 401 (43.4) | ||
Major in non-medicine | 1,089,099 (90.5) | 523 (56.6) |
Medicine Major (n = 401) | Non-Medicine Major (n = 523) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) or N (%) | Possible Range | Mean (SD) or N (%) | Mean (SD) or N (%) | p-Value | |
Sex (male) | 575 (62.2) | 273 (68.1) | 302 (57.7) | 0.001 | |
Age | 25.3 (6.3) | 25.3 (5.5) | 25.3 (6.9) | 0.956 | |
Marital status | 0.001 | ||||
Married | 49 (5.3) | 366 (91.3) | 502 (96.0) | ||
Single | 867 (93.8) | 28 (7.0) | 21(4.0) | ||
Others | 7 (0.08) | 7 (1.8) | 0 (0) | ||
a Perceived knowledge | 5.08 (1.23) | 1–7 | 5.05 (1.26) | 5.10 (1.20) | 0.498 |
b Coping appraisal | 4.80 (0.90) | 1–7 | 4.75 (0.92) | 4.83 (0.89) | 0.191 |
c Threat appraisal | 4.18 (0.92) | 1–6.8 | 4.28 (0.90) | 4.10 (0.93) | 0.002 |
d Maladaptive response | 4.86 (1.42) | 1–7 | 4.88 (1.45) | 4.85 (1.40) | 0.771 |
e Adaptive response | 5.22 (1.29) | 1–7 | 5.10 (1.32) | 5.31 (1.26) | 0.014 |
f Intention | 6.59 (2.21) | 1–10 | 6.49 (2.29) | 6.67 (2.15) | 0.219 |
Score 1 | 25 (2.71) | 15 (3.74) | 10 (1.91) | ||
Score 2 | 26 (2.81) | 15 (3.74) | 11 (2.10) | ||
Score 3 | 46 (4.98) | 23 (5.74) | 23 (4.40) | ||
Score 4 | 55 (5.95) | 19 (4.74) | 36 (6.88) | ||
Score 5 | 111 (12.01) | 41 (10.22) | 70 (13.38) | ||
Score 6 | 142 (15.37) | 64 (15.96) | 78 (14.91) | ||
Score 7 | 164 (17.75) | 72 (17.96) | 92 (17.59) | ||
Score 8 | 176 (19.05) | 79 (19.70) | 97 (18.55) | ||
Score 9 | 98 (10.61) | 43 (10.72) | 55 (10.52) | ||
Score 10 | 81 (8.77) | 30 (7.48) | 51 (9.75) |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Perceived knowledge | ||||||
r | 1 | |||||
p-value | - | |||||
2 Coping appraisal | ||||||
r | 0.794 | 1 | ||||
p-value | <0.001 * | - | ||||
3 Threat appraisal | ||||||
r | −0.017 | −0.042 | 1 | |||
p-value | 0.604 | 0.206 | - | |||
4 Maladaptive response | ||||||
r | 0.293 | 0.246 | −0.046 | 1 | ||
p-value | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.165 | - | ||
5 Adaptive response | ||||||
r | 0.716 | 0.823 | −0.017 | 0.272 | 1 | |
p-value | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.616 | <0.001 * | - | |
6 Intention | ||||||
r | 0.477 | 0.618 | −0.047 | 0.029 | 0.558 | 1 |
p-value | <0.001 * | <0.001 * | 0.152 | 0.374 | <0.001 * | - |
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Huang, P.-C.; Hung, C.-H.; Kuo, Y.-J.; Chen, Y.-P.; Ahorsu, D.K.; Yen, C.-F.; Lin, C.-Y.; Griffiths, M.D.; Pakpour, A.H. Expanding Protection Motivation Theory to Explain Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake among Taiwanese University Students. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091046
Huang P-C, Hung C-H, Kuo Y-J, Chen Y-P, Ahorsu DK, Yen C-F, Lin C-Y, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Expanding Protection Motivation Theory to Explain Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake among Taiwanese University Students. Vaccines. 2021; 9(9):1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091046
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Po-Ching, Ching-Hsia Hung, Yi-Jie Kuo, Yu-Pin Chen, Daniel Kwasi Ahorsu, Cheng-Fang Yen, Chung-Ying Lin, Mark D. Griffiths, and Amir H. Pakpour. 2021. "Expanding Protection Motivation Theory to Explain Willingness of COVID-19 Vaccination Uptake among Taiwanese University Students" Vaccines 9, no. 9: 1046. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091046