Attitudes and Intentions toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Spanish Adults: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Setting and Participants
2.3. Questionnaire Design and Data Collection
2.4. Ethical and Legal Considerations
2.5. Statistial Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Sample
3.2. Attitudes toward COVID-19 Vaccine and Intention of Receiving COVID-19 Vaccination
3.3. Personal Protective Measures after Vaccination
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) | |
---|---|
Age, mean (SD) | 52.77 (15.9) |
Sex, n (%) | |
Male | 239 (34.8) |
Female | 425 (62.0) |
Level of education,n(%) | |
Without studies | 25 (3.6) |
Primary | 264 (38.5) |
Secondary | 252 (36.7) |
Graduate or above | 140 (20.4) |
Occupation,n(%) | |
Unemployed | 134 (19.5) |
Retired | 159 (23.2) |
Livestock/Agriculture | 32 (4.7) |
Transport sector | 20 (2.9) |
Teaching | 30 (4.4) |
Food industry | 33 (4.8) |
Catering industry | 33 (4.8) |
Other | 239 (34.8) |
Personal medical history,n(%) | |
Severe allergies to vaccines | 12 (1.8) |
Drug allergy | 59 (8.6) |
Previous infection by SARS-CoV-2 | 24 (4.8) |
COPD | 17 (2.5) |
Asthma | 55 (8.0) |
Hypertension | 142 (20.7) |
Myocardial infarction | 13 (1.9) |
Heart failure | 26 (3.8) |
Heart valve disease | 34 (5.0) |
Oncological disease | 27 (3.9) |
Immunosuppression | 11 (1.6) |
HIV infection / AIDS | 2 (0.3) |
Diabetes | 42 (6.1) |
Neurological disorders | 12 (1.8) |
Pregnancy | 22 (3.2) |
Lactation | 5 (0.7) |
Other | 59 (8.6) |
Vaccinated against the flu in 2020, n(%) | 283 (41.8) |
Total | Age (Years) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
18–39 | 40–59 | 60–79 | ≥80 | p | ||
Q8. Is the COVID-19 vaccine the most effective measure to fight the pandemic? | ||||||
No | 15 (2.4) | 5 (4.6) | 8 (2.5) | 2 (1.5) | 0 | 0.000 |
Yes | 142 (22.3) | 17 (15.6) | 58 (18.4) | 40 (30.8) | 17 (39.5) | |
Yes, in combination with other protection measures | 480 (75.4) | 87 (79.8) | 249 (79.1) | 88 (67.7) | 26 (60.5) | |
Q9. Have you looked for information on the COVID-19 vaccine in the last month? | ||||||
No | 312 (51.6) | 54 (46.6) | 142 (48.1) | 72 (60.5) | 22 (55) | 0.084 |
Yes a | 293 (48.4) | 62 (53.5) | 153 (51.9) | 47 (39.5) | 18 (45) | |
Q11. Which of the following COVID-19 vaccines gives you the greatest security? | ||||||
Pfizer–BioNTech | 202 (41.3) | 34 (38.6) | 96 (39.2) | 46 (48.9) | 13 (39.4) | 0.255 |
Moderna | 21 (4.3) | 2 (2.3) | 11 (4.5) | 4 (4.3) | 2 (6.1) | |
Both | 234 (47.9) | 47 (53.4) | 123 (50.2) | 37 (39.4) | 14 (42.4) | |
None | 29 (5.9) | 5 (5.7) | 12 (4.9) | 7 (7.5) | 4 (12.1) | |
Other | 3 (0.6) | 0 | 3 (1.2) | 0 | 0 | |
Q12. According your knowledge, do you believe that you should receive the COVID-19 vaccine? | ||||||
No | 27 (4.8) | 10 (10.9) | 12 (4.4) | 5 (4.2) | 0 | 0.008 |
Yes | 531 (95.2) | 82 (89.1) | 261 (95.6) | 114 (95.8) | 40 (100) | |
Q13. Would you get the COVID-19 vaccine? | ||||||
No | 59 (10.2) | 10 (9.3) | 25 (8.6) | 18 (15.5) | 4 (11.4) | 0.210 |
Yes | 520 (89.8) | 98 (90.7) | 266 (91.4) | 98 (84.5) | 31 (88.6) | |
Q14. How much trust do you put in the vaccine? | ||||||
Not confident at all | 21 (3.7) | 2 (1.9) | 13 (4.4) | 6 (5.7) | 0 | 0.015 |
Slightly confident | 35 (6.1) | 11 (10.3) | 13 (4.4) | 8 (7.6) | 1 (3.1) | |
Somewhat confident | 153 (26.8) | 36 (33.6) | 73 (24.9) | 26 (24.5) | 9 (28.1) | |
Fairly confident | 152 (26.7) | 33 (30.8) | 89 (30.4) | 17 (16.0) | 7 (21.9) | |
Completely confident | 209 (36.7) | 25 (23.4) | 105 (35.8) | 49 (46.2) | 15 (46.9) | |
Q15. Do you consider the informative briefings about the COVID-19 vaccine organized by health centre staff as useful? | ||||||
No | 53 (8.9) | 8 (7.5) | 26 (8.9) | 14 (10.9) | 5 (13.2) | 0.165 |
Yes b | 544 (91.1) | 99 (92.5) | 266 (91.1) | 114 (89.1) | 33 (86.8) | |
If I was vaccinated… | ||||||
Q17. I would increase my social interactions in the short term | ||||||
Strongly agree | 55 (9.4) | 9 (8.1) | 26 (9) | 15 (12.7) | 3 (9.1) | 0.143 |
Agree | 141(24.1) | 24 (21.6) | 66 (22.8) | 33 (28.0) | 10 (30.3) | |
Neither agree nor disagree | 215 (36.8) | 47 (42.3) | 113 (39.1) | 35 (29.7) | 9 (27.3) | |
Disagree | 141 (24.1) | 28 (25.2) | 70 (24.2) | 23 (19.5) | 11 (33.3) | |
Strongly disagree | 32 (5.5) | 3 (2.7) | 14 (4.8) | 12 (10.2) | 0 | |
Q18. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask with my regular contacts (friends, parents…) | ||||||
Strongly agree | 67 (11.3) | 11 (9.6) | 26 (9.1) | 15 (12.7) | 7 (18.9) | 0.026 |
Agree | 100 (16.9) | 27 (23.5) | 52 (18.1) | 14 (11.9) | 1(2.7) | |
Neither agree nor disagree | 97 (16.4) | 23 (20) | 44 (15.3) | 18 (15.3) | 8 (21.6) | |
Disagree | 204 (34.5) | 33 (28.7) | 113 (39.4) | 41 (34.8) | 12 (32.4) | |
Strongly disagree | 123 (20.8) | 21 (18.3) | 52 (18.1) | 30 (25.4) | 9 (24.3) | |
Q19. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask in closed public areas. | ||||||
Strongly agree | 60 (10.2) | 6 (5.2) | 34 (11.6) | 10 (8.8) | 3 (8.6) | 0.380 |
Agree | 29 (4.9) | 6 (5.2) | 12 (4.1) | 5 (4.4) | 4 (11.4) | |
Neither agree nor disagree | 40 (6.8) | 12 (10.3) | 17 (5.8) | 8 (7.0) | 2 (5.7) | |
Disagree | 208 (35.3) | 36 (31.0) | 113 (38.7) | 41 (36.0) | 12 (34.3) | |
Strongly disagree | 252 (42.8) | 56 (48.3) | 116 (39.7) | 50 (43.9) | 14 (40) | |
Q20. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask in open areas | ||||||
Strongly agree | 116 (19.5) | 23 (19.8) | 54 (18.1) | 21 (19.1) | 7 (20.6) | 0.856 |
Agree | 147(24.8) | 29 (25) | 80 (26.9) | 24 (21.8) | 5 (14.7) | |
Neither agree nor disagree | 149 (25.1) | 27 (23.3) | 80 (26.9) | 24 (21.8) | 9 (26.5) | |
Disagree | 115 (19.4) | 25 (21.6) | 55 (18.5) | 25 (22.7) | 8 (23.5) | |
Strongly disagree | 67 (11.3) | 12 (10.3) | 29 (9.7) | 16 (14.6) | 5 (14.7) |
Sex | Level of Education | Vaccinated against the Flu in 2020 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | p | Primary or Lower | Secondary | Graduate or Above | p | No | Yes | p | |
Q8. Is the COVID-19 vaccine the most effective measure to fight the pandemic? | ||||||||||
No | 9 (4.1) | 6 (1.5) | 0.064 | 8 (3.0) | 4 (1.7) | 3 (2.3) | 0.021 | 14 (3.8) | 1 (0.4) | 0.000 |
Yes | 53 (24.2) | 82 (20.6) | 75 (28.2) | 40 (17.0) | 25 (19.1) | 65 (17.7) | 73 (27.8) | |||
Yes, in combination with other protective measures | 157 (71.7) | 310 (77.9) | 183 (68.8) | 192 (81.4) | 103 (78.6) | 288 (78.5) | 189 (71.9) | |||
Q9. Have you looked for information about the COVID-19 vaccine in the last month? | ||||||||||
No | 123 (56.4) | 182 (49.2) | 0.054 | 159 (66.8) | 117 (50.7) | 34 (25.6) | 0.000 | 173 (49.2) | 136 (55.3) | 0.082 |
Yes | 95 (43.6) | 188 (50.8) | 79 (33.2) | 114 (49.4) | 99 (74.4) | 179 (50.9) | 110 (44.7) | |||
Q11. Which of the following COVID-19 vaccines gives you the greatest security? | ||||||||||
Pfizer–BioNTech | 62 (38.8) | 134 (42.8) | 0.551 | 80 (44.4) | 70 (37.8) | 51 (42.5) | 0.297 | 111 (38.1) | 87 (45.3) | 0.627 |
Moderna | 6 (3.8) | 12 (3.8) | 9 (5) | 9 (4.9) | 3 (2.5) | 14 (4.8) | 7 (3.7) | |||
Both | 79 (49.4) | 152(48.6) | 77 (42.8) | 97 (52.4) | 60 (50) | 146 (50.2) | 86 (44.8) | |||
None | 11 (6.9) | 14 (4.5) | 13 (7.2) | 9 (4.9) | 4 (3.3) | 18 (6.2) | 11 (5.7) | |||
Other | 2 (1.3) | 1 (0.3) | 1 (0.6) | 0 | 2 (1.7) | 2 (0.7) | 1 (0.5) | |||
Q12. According your knowledge, do you believe that you should receive the COVID-19 vaccine? | ||||||||||
No | 16 (8.2) | 11 (3.2) | 0.014 | 7 (3.1) | 11 (5.5) | 8 (6.4) | 0.300 | 25 (8.0) | 2 (0.8) | 0.000 |
Yes | 180 (91.8) | 333 (96.8) | 221 (96.9) | 189 (94.5) | 118 (93.7) | 288 (92.0) | 236 (99.2) | |||
Q13. Would you get the COVID-19 vaccine? | ||||||||||
No | 24 (11.7) | 31 (8.6) | 0.241 | 32 (14.8) | 18 (7.9) | 8 (6.2) | 0.013 | 36 (10.8) | 22 (9.1) | 0.506 |
Yes | 181 (88.3) | 328 (91.4) | 185 (85.3) | 211 (92.1) | 122 (93.9) | 298 (89.2) | 220 (90.9) | |||
Q14. How much trust do you put in the vaccine? | ||||||||||
Not confident at all | 6 (3.1) | 13 (3.6) | 0.857 | 11 (5.1) | 6 (2.7) | 4 (3.1) | 0.065 | 15 (4.5) | 6 (2.5) | 0.100 |
Slightly confident | 13 (6.7) | 21 (5.8) | 13 (6.1) | 13 (5.8) | 9 (7.0) | 24 (7.2) | 11 (4.7) | |||
Somewhat confident | 47 (24.2) | 100 (27.7) | 65 (30.2) | 63 (28.1) | 24 (18.6) | 97 (29.2) | 55 (23.3) | |||
Fairly confident | 52 (26.8) | 99 (27.4) | 42 (19.5) | 69 (30.8) | 40 (31.0) | 86 (25.9) | 65 (27.5) | |||
Completely confident | 76 (39.2) | 128 (35.5) | 84 (39.1) | 73 (32.6) | 52 (40.3) | 110 (33.1) | 99 (42.0) | |||
Q15. Do you consider the informative briefings about the COVID-19 vaccine organized by health centre staff as useful? | ||||||||||
No | 21 (10.1) | 31 (8.4) | 0.482 | 23 (9.7) | 15 (6.8) | 13 (9.7) | 0.479 | 30 (8.8) | 23 (9.1) | 0.901 |
Yes | 187 (89.9) | 340 (91.6) | 215 (90.3) | 206 (93.2) | 121 (90.3) | 311 (91.2) | 230 (90.9) | |||
If I was vaccinated… | ||||||||||
Q17. I would increase my social interactions in the short term | ||||||||||
Strongly agree | 29 (14.3) | 24 (6.6) | 0.006 | 29 (12.7) | 16 (7.3) | 10 (7.6) | 0.095 | 25 (7.2) | 30 (12.9) | 0.112 |
Agree | 50 (24.6) | 86 (23.6) | 65 (28.5) | 45 (20.5) | 31 (23.5) | 79 (22.7) | 61 (26.2) | |||
Neither agree nor disagree | 76 (37.4) | 134 (36.8) | 78 (34.2) | 89 (40.5) | 47 (35.6) | 136 (39.1) | 77 (33.1) | |||
Disagree | 35 (17.2) | 101 (27.8) | 49 (21.5) | 54 (24.6) | 36 (27.3) | 87 (25.0) | 54 (23.2) | |||
Strongly disagree | 13 (6.4) | 19 (5.2) | 7 (3.1) | 16 (7.3) | 8 (6.1) | 21 (6.0) | 11 (4.7) | |||
Q18. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask with my regular contacts (friends, parents…) | ||||||||||
Strongly agree | 25 (12.3) | 40 (10.8) | 0.068 | 33 (14.7) | 24 (10.3) | 9 (6.9) | 0.322 | 36 (10.4) | 31 (12.8) | 0.166 |
Agree | 42 (20.7) | 55 (14.9) | 36 (16.1) | 37 (16.0) | 27 (20.6) | 69 (20) | 30 (12.4) | |||
Neither agree nor disagree | 41 (20.2) | 56 (15.1) | 30 (13.4) | 45 (19.4) | 22 (16.8) | 56 (16.2) | 38 (15.7) | |||
Disagree | 62 (30.5) | 137 (37.0) | 82 (36.6) | 77 (33.2) | 45 (34.4) | 114 (33.0) | 90 (37.2) | |||
Strongly disagree | 33 (16.3) | 82 (22.2) | 43 (19.2) | 49 (21.1) | 28 (21.4) | 70 (20.3) | 53 (21.9) | |||
Q19. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask in closed public areas | ||||||||||
Strongly agree | 20 (10.0) | 39 (10.5) | 0.046 | 29 (13.2) | 18 (7.8) | 13 (9.6) | 0.000 | 33 (9.9) | 25 (10.1) | 0.969 |
Agree | 17 (8.5) | 11 (3.0) | 21 (9.6) | 3 (1.3) | 5 (3.7) | 15 (4.4) | 13 (5.3) | |||
Neither agree nor disagree | 14 (7.0) | 26 (7.0) | 13 (5.9) | 15 (6.5) | 12 (8.9) | 24 (7.1) | 16 (6.5) | |||
Disagree | 74(36.8) | 129 (34.8) | 84 (38.4) | 79 (34.1) | 44 (32.6) | 118 (34.9) | 90 (36.4) | |||
Strongly disagree | 76 (37.8) | 166 (44.7) | 72 (32.9) | 117 (50.4) | 61 (45.2) | 148 (43.8) | 103 (41.7) | |||
Q20. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask in open areas | ||||||||||
Strongly agree | 48 (23.8) | 65 (17.4) | 0.224 | 47 (21.3) | 39 (16.7) | 29 (21.3) | 0.228 | 76 (21.6) | 39 (16.4) | 0.290 |
Agree | 51 (25.3) | 92 (24.6) | 49 (22.2) | 56 (23.9) | 42 (30.9) | 92 (26.1) | 53 (22.3) | |||
Neither agree nor disagree | 52 (25.7) | 92 (24.6) | 51 (23.1) | 67 (28.6) | 31 (22.8) | 82 (23.3) | 66 (27.7) | |||
Disagree | 32 (15.8) | 78 (20.9) | 45 (20.4) | 44 (18.8) | 26 (19.1) | 65 (18.5) | 50 (21.0) | |||
Strongly disagree | 19 (9.4) | 47 (12.6) | 29 (13.1) | 28 (12.0) | 8 (5.9) | 37 (10.5) | 30 (12.6) |
If I Was Vaccinated… | Q8. Is the COVID-19 Vaccine the Most Effective Measure to Fight the Pandemic? | Q13. Would You Get the COVID-19 Vaccine? | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No or Only in Combination with Other Protective Measures | Yes | p | No | Yes | p | |
Q17. I would increase my social interactions in the short term | ||||||
Strongly agree | 26 (6.1) | 27 (22.7) | 0.000 | 7 (14.3) | 38 (8.1) | 0.394 |
Agree | 94 (21.9) | 40 (33.6) | 12 (24.5) | 115 (24.4) | ||
Neither agree nor disagree | 167 (38.9) | 32 (26.9) | 18 (36.7) | 171 (36.3) | ||
Disagree | 118 (27.5) | 16 (13.5) | 8 (16.3) | 121 (25.7) | ||
Strongly disagree | 24 (5.6) | 4 (3.4) | 4 (8.2) | 26 (5.5) | ||
Q18. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask with my regular contacts (friends, parents…) | ||||||
Strongly agree | 42 (9.5) | 21 (19.4) | 0.028 | 9 (17.7) | 46 (9.8) | 0.269 |
Agree | 71 (16.0) | 20 (18.5) | 6 (11.8) | 82 (17.4) | ||
Neither agree nor disagree | 78 (17.6) | 12 (11.1) | 7 (13.7) | 78 (16.5) | ||
Disagree | 159 (35.8) | 33 (30.6) | 15 (29.4) | 167 (35.4) | ||
Strongly disagree | 94 (21.2) | 22 (20.4) | 14 (27.5) | 99 (21.0) | ||
Q19. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask in closed public areas | ||||||
Strongly agree | 36 (8) | 20 (20.2) | 0.001 | 9 (18.8) | 39 (8.2) | 0.006 |
Agree | 18 (4) | 9 (9.1) | 6 (12.5) | 19 (4) | ||
Neither agree nor disagree | 30 (6.7) | 7 (7.1) | 4 (8.3) | 31 (6.5) | ||
Disagree | 165 (36.7) | 32 (32.3) | 14 (29.2) | 171 (36) | ||
Strongly disagree | 201 (44.7) | 31 (31.3) | 15 (31.3) | 215 (45.3) | ||
Q20. I would consider it reasonable to reduce the use of a mask in open areas | ||||||
Strongly agree | 73 (16.1) | 30 (30.3) | 0.008 | 12 (26.1) | 87 (18.1) | 0.416 |
Agree | 113 (24.9) | 25 (25.3) | 7 (15.2) | 120 (24.9) | ||
Neither agree nor disagree | 125 (27.6) | 16 (16.2) | 12 (26.1) | 129 (26.8) | ||
Disagree | 92 (20.3) | 16 (16.2) | 8 (17.4) | 94 (19.5) | ||
Strongly disagree | 50 (11.0) | 12 (12.1) | 7 (15.2) | 54 (10.8) |
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Mosteiro-Miguéns, D.G.; Roca, D.D.B.; Domínguez-Martís, E.M.; Vieito-Pérez, N.; Álvarez-Padín, P.; Novío, S. Attitudes and Intentions toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Spanish Adults: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines 2021, 9, 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101135
Mosteiro-Miguéns DG, Roca DDB, Domínguez-Martís EM, Vieito-Pérez N, Álvarez-Padín P, Novío S. Attitudes and Intentions toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Spanish Adults: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study. Vaccines. 2021; 9(10):1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101135
Chicago/Turabian StyleMosteiro-Miguéns, Diego Gabriel, Daniel De Bernardo Roca, Eva María Domínguez-Martís, Natalia Vieito-Pérez, Pilar Álvarez-Padín, and Silvia Novío. 2021. "Attitudes and Intentions toward COVID-19 Vaccination among Spanish Adults: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study" Vaccines 9, no. 10: 1135. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9101135