COVID-19 Vaccination Attitude and Behavior among Nurses at a West Texas Regional Hospital
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A. Survey Questionnaire
- Age
- -
- <20
- -
- 20–30
- -
- 31–40
- -
- 41–50
- -
- 51–60
- -
- >60
- Gender
- -
- Female
- -
- Male
- -
- Transgender Female
- -
- Transgender Male
- -
- Non-binary/non-conforming
- -
- Not listed
- -
- Prefer not to disclose
- How many years have you practiced nursing?
- -
- Less than 1
- -
- 1–5
- -
- 6–10
- -
- 11–15
- -
- 16–20
- -
- 21–25
- -
- >25
- What is the highest level of nursing degree that you obtained?
- -
- Associate/certificate
- -
- Bachelor’s
- -
- Master’s
- -
- Doctorate
- -
- Other
- What is your nursing title?
- -
- Licensed Practical Nurse (LPN)
- -
- Registered Nurse (RN)
- -
- Advanced Practice Registered Nurse (APRN)
- -
- Other [free text]
- Did you receive the COVID-19 vaccine?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- If you received the COVID-19 vaccine, which one did you receive?
- -
- Johnson & Johnson
- -
- Moderna
- -
- Pfizer
- -
- Other
- If you received the Moderna or Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, did you receive the second dose?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- If you received the COVID-19 vaccine, have you received a booster dose?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- If you have not received the COVID-19 booster dose, are you planning to receive one?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
- If you chose not to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, please indicate why (select all that apply):
- -
- Concerned about side-effects
- -
- Don’t believe vaccine is effective
- -
- Don’t believe COVID-19 is a health risk
- -
- Don’t trust public health information about COVID-19/vaccinations
- -
- Vaccines weren’t studied enough
- -
- Had a friend/relative who had a serious reaction to the vaccine
- -
- Believe that natural infection/immunity is better
- -
- Do not feel at risk for COVID-19 infection
- -
- Believe that diet/alternative medicine is better prevention for COVID-19
- -
- Believe that herd immunity is preferable to mass vaccination
- -
- Believe that masks/social distancing/hygiene are better prevention
- -
- Believe that government or public health leaders are benefiting financially from the vaccine
- -
- Disagree with vaccine mandates
- -
- Disagree with vaccine portrayal in news media
- -
- Had side effects from previous vaccine(s) (not COVID-19)
- -
- Had a friend/relative who had a serious reaction to a vaccine (not COVID-19)
- -
- Concerned vaccination would interrupt daily schedule
- -
- Vaccine not available/too expensive
- -
- Waiting until more evidence about the vaccine is available
- -
- Already had COVID-19 infection
- -
- Not required to be vaccinated
- -
- Vaccination no longer necessary at current point in pandemic
- -
- Religious exemption
- -
- Other [free text]
- If you have not received the COVID-19 vaccine, are you considering getting the COVID-19 vaccine?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
- If you chose not to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, under which of the following circumstances would you consider receiving the vaccine?
- -
- New COVID-19 variants
- -
- Increase in COVID-19 cases/hospitalizations
- -
- Additional clinical data on vaccine safety/efficacy
- -
- Required vaccination for employment
- -
- No mask requirements for vaccinated individuals
- -
- Require vaccination for access to restaurants, bars, gyms, etc.
- -
- Financial incentive (e.g., bonus or reduced insurance premiums for vaccinated)
- -
- Other [free text]
- Do you believe in the need to be vaccinated against other diseases (e.g., hepatitis B, measles, mumps, etc.)?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
- Did you receive any childhood vaccinations?
- -
- Yes, all of them
- -
- Yes, some of them
- -
- None
- -
- Unsure
- Did you receive an influenza vaccine (“flu shot”) last year?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
- If an annual COVID-19 vaccine became available (similar to the annual influenza vaccine), would you plan to get it?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
- Where do you receive information about COVID-19 vaccines? (Select all that apply)
- -
- Public health website (e.g., CDC)
- -
- News media
- -
- Social media
- -
- Podcasts/radio talk shows
- -
- Medical professionals
- -
- Medical/academic journals
- -
- Nursing professors/faculty
- -
- YouTube
- -
- Blogs
- -
- Friends/family
- -
- Other [free text]
- Do you believe that vaccines should be mandated for healthcare workers?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
- Do you believe that social distancing is effective at preventing the spread of COVID-19?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
- Do you believe that masks are effective at preventing the spread of COVID-19?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
- Would you recommend getting the COVID-19 vaccine to a friend or family member?
- -
- Yes
- -
- No
- -
- Unsure
Appendix B. Free Text Responses to Questions
- Question 11: If you chose not to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, please indicate why.
- -
- There is no way to know the 5–10-year (long-term) effects of the new mRNA vaccine method when this vaccine has NOT even been given to people for 5–10 years. I think a mass mandate of something we know little about is wrong (it is for me to choose what risk I am willing to take). The risk/benefit question does not have the same answer for everyone—a blanket coverage rule is not a smart idea—I am more concerned about the serious side effects of the vaccine for myself than dying from covid. That it not the same answer for everyone. Some are at more risk of dying from covid than from serious side effects from the vaccine. Let people who choose to get it. If my risks of dying of covid were much higher, I would have considered it to a higher degree (risk vs. benefit). My [relative] chose to take it after a discussion with his nephrologist. His risk is much higher than mine…If this were a new surgical procedure and one I could postpone without long-term consequences, I would wait till it had been widely done for at least 5 years. But if it were my only hope at improved life or maintaining what I had, I would be more willing to take the risk. I also believe it is important how it was developed. Because of the COVID-19 vaccine, I have learned other medicines may have had similar origins from fetal tissue. It is difficult for me to allow myself to benefit from the use of aborted fetuses, whether it is from yesterday or 100 years ago. All life is precious and to be respected. I would like to see medical researchers improve their ethics in the sources of early study and research. I myself am around covid frequently. I have had covid once. My symptoms were incredibly mild to nonexistent. I realize that is not everyone’s case, but for me, it is riskier to get a vaccine than to be happy with the natural immunity God gave me. I also have religious objections to the current vaccines. I would reconsider my stance after 5–10 years if my health changed, if a differently developed vaccine or more traditional vaccine were available, and…. This one came out far too fast for us to know the long-term safety of a new method. There are good ways to prevent the spread of contagious illnesses. Don’t leave home sick unless for healthcare. Social distance is wise. Hand hygiene etc. Masks help very little, but I can agree with them in limited circumstances like high current cases and in a healthcare facility. We need fresh air and sunshine for our health. Not everyone lives and works in a high-risk population.
- -
- I’m Immunocompromised
- -
- I would have to hold certain medications for weeks to take them.
- -
- Allergy to additives and the list of ingredients are not available to see if there is anything in it that would cause an anaphylactic reaction for me.
- Question 13: If you chose not to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, under which of the following circumstances would you consider receiving the vaccine?
- -
- Whether the rule is to wear a mask or is a personal choice. Is it unwise to visually differentiate between vaxed and unvaxed. This would create division where there is none. We are a team. Let’s keep it that way. Just don’t come to work sick. If needed, do symptom check sheets. But all of us have the potential to get and spread covid. Though I have read that natural immunity speads illness less than vaccination. I have not seen other articles with info on this and would like to see more information.
- -
- Comorbidities or frequent close interaction with someone with comorbidities.
- -
- Application for RN school.
- -
- When the list of ingredients is made available, I will make my decision.
- -
- Looking for an alternative to the mRNA vaccines. Waiting for the held Pfizer documents to be released in their entirety.
- Question 18: Where do you receive information about COVID-19 vaccines?
- -
- Dr Robert Malone
- -
- Church, Christian news broadcasts
- -
- Work
- -
- Weekly vaccine webinars through the state of Texas
- -
- Self-research of the data
- -
- Manufacturers websites
- -
- Workplace
References
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Variable | Category | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Female Male Non-binary/non-conforming Prefer not to disclose | 222 24 2 3 | 88.1 9.5 0.8 1.2 |
Age | 20–30 31–40 41–50 51–60 >60 | 55 68 59 48 21 | 21.8 27.0 23.4 19.0 8.3 |
How many years have you practiced nursing? | Less than 1 1–5 6–10 11–15 16–20 21–25 >25 | 14 47 49 26 30 25 60 | 5.6 18.7 19.4 10.3 11.9 9.9 23.8 |
What is the highest level of nursing degree that you obtained? | Associate/certificate Bachelor’s Master’s Doctorate Other | 71 118 45 3 14 | 28.2 46.8 17.9 1.2 5.6 |
Did you receive the COVID-19 vaccine? | Yes No | 211 40 | 83.7 15.9 |
If you received the COVID-19 vaccine, which one did you receive? | Johnson & Johnson Moderna Pfizer Missing | 2 80 128 1 | 1.0 37.9 60.7 0.5 |
If you received the Moderna or Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine, did you receive the second dose? | Yes No Missing | 202 5 1 | 97.1 2.4 0.5 |
If you received the COVID-19 vaccine, have you received a booster dose? | Yes No Missing | 126 84 1 | 59.7 39.8 0.5 |
If you have not received the COVID-19 booster dose, are you planning to receive one? | Yes No Unsure Missing | 23 30 29 2 | 27.4 35.7 34.5 2.4 |
Did you receive any childhood vaccinations? | Yes, all of them Yes, some of them None Missing | 242 6 2 1 | 96.0 2.4 0.8 0.4 |
Did you receive an influenza vaccine (“flu shot”) last year? | Yes No | 231 20 | 92.0 7.9 |
Where do you receive information about COVID-19 vaccines? * | Public health website (e.g., CDC/local health department) Medical professionals Medical/academic journals News media Nursing professors/faculty Social media Friends/family Podcasts/radio talk shows YouTube Blogs Other | 177 174 95 81 57 41 27 14 8 4 4 | 83.9 82.5 45.0 38.4 27.0 19.4 12.8 6.6 3.8 1.9 1.9 |
Where do you receive information about COVID-19 vaccines? ** | Medical professionals Public health website (e.g., CDC/local health department) Medical/academic journals Podcasts/radio talk shows News media Nursing professors/faculty Social media Friends/family Other YouTube Blogs | 34 27 26 16 14 9 5 5 5 2 1 | 85.0 67.5 65.0 40.0 35.0 22.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 5.0 2.5 |
Variable | Category | N | % |
---|---|---|---|
Do you believe in the need to be vaccinated against other diseases (e.g., hepatitis B, measles, mumps, etc.)? | Yes No Unsure Missing | 236 6 8 1 | 93.7 2.4 3.2 0.4 |
If an annual COVID-19 vaccine became available (similar to the annual influenza vaccine), would you plan to get it? | Yes No Unsure | 137 53 61 | 54.4 21.0 24.2 |
Do you believe that vaccines should be mandated for healthcare workers? | Yes No Unsure | 75 146 30 | 29.8 57.9 11.9 |
Do you believe that social distancing is effective at preventing the spread of COVID-19? | Yes No Unsure Missing | 163 65 22 1 | 64.7 25.8 8.7 0.4 |
Do you believe that masks are effective at preventing the spread of COVID-19? | Yes No Unsure Missing | 143 79 28 1 | 56.7 31.3 11.1 0.4 |
Would you recommend getting the COVID-19 vaccine to a friend or family member? | Yes No Unsure | 182 40 29 | 72.2 15.9 11.5 |
If you chose not to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, please indicate why (select all that apply): * | - Concerned about side-effects - Disagree with vaccine mandates - Already had COVID-19 infection - Believe that natural infection/immunity is better - Vaccines were not studied enough - Do not believe the vaccine is effective - Disagree with vaccine portrayal in news media - Waiting until more evidence about the vaccine is available - Religious exemption - Believe that government or public health leaders are benefiting financially from the vaccine -Do not trust public health information about COVID-19/vaccinations - Believe that heard immunity is preferable to mass vaccination - Believe that diet/alternative medicine is better prevention for COVID-19 - Had a friend/relative who had a serious reaction to the vaccine - Vaccination no longer necessary at the current point in pandemic - Do not feel at risk for COVID-19 infection - Had a friend/relative who had a serious reaction to a vaccine (not COVID-19) - Had side effects from previous vaccine(s) (not COVID-19) - Other - Do not believe COVID-19 is a health risk - Not required to be vaccinated - Believe that masks/social distancing/hygiene are better prevention - Concerned vaccination would interrupt daily schedule | 34 33 27 25 25 23 22 21 20 19 18 14 12 11 7 6 6 5 5 3 3 2 2 | 85.0 82.5 67.5 62.5 62.5 57.5 55.0 52.5 50.0 47.5 45.0 35.0 30.0 27.5 17.5 15.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 5.0 |
If you chose not to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, under which of the following circumstances would you consider receiving the vaccine? (select all that apply) * | - I do not plan on receiving the COVID-19 vaccine under any circumstances under any circumstances - Additional clinical data on vaccine safety/efficacy - Other - Required vaccination for employment - Financial incentive (e.g., bonus or reduced insurance premiums for vaccination) - New COVID-19 variants - Increase in COVID-19 cases/hospitalizations | 24 15 5 3 3 2 1 | 60.0 37.5 12.5 7.5 7.5 5.0 2.5 |
Received (N = 211) | Not Received (N = 40) | Crude OR | Adjusted OR | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | Number (%) | (95% CI) | (95% CI) | |
Gender | ||||
Female | 188 (89.10) | 34 (85.00) | reference | reference |
Male | 20 (9.48) | 4 (10.00) | 0.90 (0.29, 2.81) | 0.63 (0.10, 3.97) |
Other | 3 (1.42) | 2 (5.00) | 0.27 (0.04, 1.68) | 0.03 (0.00, 1.16) |
Age | ||||
20–30 | 44 (20.85) | 11 (27.50) | reference | reference |
31–40 | 53 (25.12) | 15 (37.50) | 0.88 (0.37, 2.12) | 1.63 (0.32, 8.25) |
41–50 | 52 (24.64) | 7 (17.50) | 1.86 (0.66, 5.20) | 24.82 (1.34, 460.1) |
51–60 | 44 (20.85) | 4 (10.00) | 2.75 (0.81, 9.30) | 0.83 (0.04, 19.51) |
>60 | 18 (8.53) | 3 (7.50) | 1.50 (0.37, 6.02) | 0.49 (0.01, 21.51) |
Years practiced | ||||
0–5 | 55 (26.07) | 6(15.00) | reference | reference |
6–10 | 35 (16.59) | 14 (35.00) | 0.27 (0.10, 0.78) | 0.31 (0.06, 1.58) |
11–15 | 20 (9.48) | 6 (15.00) | 0.36 (0.11, 1.26) | 0.48 (0.04, 5.55) |
16–20 | 23 (10.90) | 7 (17.50) | 0.36 (0.11, 1.18) | 0.05 (0.00, 1.01) |
21–25 | 22 (10.43) | 3 (7.50) | 0.80 (0.18, 3.48) | 0.05 (0.00, 1.45) |
>25 | 56 (26.54) | 4 (10.00) | 1.53 (0.41, 5.71) | 1.85 (0.07, 49.16) |
Highest level of nursing degree | ||||
Associate/certificate | 56 (26.54) | 15 (37.50) | reference | reference |
Bachelor’s | 99 (46.92) | 19 (47.50) | 1.40 (0.66, 2.96) | 1.51 (0.38, 5.97) |
Master’s and above | 42 (19.91) | 6 (15.00) | 1.88 (0.67, 5.24) | 4.29 (0.45, 40.91) |
Other | 14 (6.64) | 0 (0.00) | no estimable | no estimable |
Nursing title | ||||
Licensed Practical Nurse | 29 (13.74) | 4 (10.00) | reference | reference |
Registered Nurse | 173 (81.99) | 32 (80.00) | 0.75 (0.25, 2.27) | 0.41 (0.07, 2.40) |
Other | 9 (4.27) | 4 (10.00) | 0.31 (0.06, 1.50) | 0.08 (0.00, 1.51) |
Did you receive an influenza vaccine? | ||||
Yes | 206 (97.63) | 25 (62.50) | reference | reference |
No | 5 (2.37) | 15 (37.50) | 0.04 (0.01, 0.12) | 0.01 (0.00, 0.11) |
Social distancing is effective? | ||||
Yes | 150 (71.43) | 13 (32.50) | reference | reference |
No | 42 (20.00) | 23 (57.50) | 0.16 (0.07, 0.34) | 0.29 (0.07, 1.22) |
Unsure | 18 (8.57) | 4 (10.00) | 0.39 (0.11, 1.32) | 0.72 (0.12, 4.39) |
Masks are effective? | ||||
Yes | 138 (65.71) | 5 (12.50) | reference | reference |
No | 50 (23.81) | 29 (72.50) | 0.06 (0.02, 0.17) | 0.17 (0.04, 0.80) |
Unsure | 22 (10.48) | 6 (15.00) | 0.13 (0.04, 0.47) | 0.14 (0.02, 0.91) |
Recommend the COVID-19 vaccine to a friend? | ||||
Yes | 178 (84.36) | 4 (10.00) | reference | reference |
No | 17 (8.06) | 23 (57.50) | 0.02 (0.01, 0.05) | 0.06 (0.01, 0.22) |
Unsure | 16 (7.58) | 13 (32.50) | 0.03 (0.01, 0.09) | 0.08 (0.02, 0.30) |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Peterson, C.J.; Abohelwa, M.; Rimu, A.; Payne, D.; Yang, S.; Williams, T.; Rowin, E.N.; Nugent, K. COVID-19 Vaccination Attitude and Behavior among Nurses at a West Texas Regional Hospital. Vaccines 2023, 11, 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020343
Peterson CJ, Abohelwa M, Rimu A, Payne D, Yang S, Williams T, Rowin EN, Nugent K. COVID-19 Vaccination Attitude and Behavior among Nurses at a West Texas Regional Hospital. Vaccines. 2023; 11(2):343. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020343
Chicago/Turabian StylePeterson, Christopher J., Mostafa Abohelwa, Afrina Rimu, Drew Payne, Shengping Yang, Tammy Williams, Erin Nash Rowin, and Kenneth Nugent. 2023. "COVID-19 Vaccination Attitude and Behavior among Nurses at a West Texas Regional Hospital" Vaccines 11, no. 2: 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020343
APA StylePeterson, C. J., Abohelwa, M., Rimu, A., Payne, D., Yang, S., Williams, T., Rowin, E. N., & Nugent, K. (2023). COVID-19 Vaccination Attitude and Behavior among Nurses at a West Texas Regional Hospital. Vaccines, 11(2), 343. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11020343