Endotoxin Tolerance in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Macrophages, In Vitro: A Case–Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Eligibility Criteria
2.2. Monocyte Isolation Protocol
2.3. Macrophage Maturation and Activation
2.4. Measurement of Free 8-Isoprostane and a Prostaglandin E2 Metabolite
2.5. Cytokine and MMP-9 Assays
2.6. Antioxidant Assays
2.7. Western Blot Analysis
2.8. Confocal Microscopy
2.9. RNA Isolation and Real-Time Quantitative PCR
2.10. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. AAA Was Associated with Systemic Inflammation
3.2. Macrophage Responses to LPS Stimulation Were Suppressed in AAA
3.3. Nrf2 mRNA Transcripts Were Increased in AAA Macrophages
3.4. Lipid Raft and TLR4 Internalization Was Observed in AAA Macrophages
3.5. Levels of IRAK1 and Phosphorylated NF-κB Were Significantly Decreased in AAA
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
AAA | Abdominal aortic aneurysm |
BHT | Butylhydroxytoluene |
DPBS | Dulbecco’s phosphate buffered solution |
EDTA | Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid |
ELISA | Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
GPx | Glutathione peroxidase |
IFN- | Interferon gamma |
IL-1 | Interleukin-1 beta |
IL-6 | Interleukin-6 |
IMDM | Iscove’s Modified Dulbecco’s Medium |
IRAK1 | Interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 |
LPS | Lipopolysaccharide |
M-CSF | Macrophage colony-stimulating factor |
MMP-9 | Matrix metalloproteinase 9 |
mRNA | Messenger RNA |
NF-B | Nuclear factor kappa B |
Nrf2 | Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 |
NSAID | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug |
PGE2 | Prostaglandin E2 |
qPCR | Quantitative polymerase chain reaction |
RIPA | Radioimmunoprecipitation assay |
TGF- | Transforming growth factor beta |
TLR4 | Toll-like receptor 4 |
TNF- | Tumor necrosis factor alpha |
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Biomarker Experiments | Confocal Experiments | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | AAA Patients (n = 19) | Control Participants (n = 36) | AAA Patients (n = 14) | Control Participants (n = 8) |
Gender (Male/Female) | 19/0 | 36/0 | 14/0 | 8/0 |
Age (years) | 74.6 ± 5.8 | 71.7 ± 5.2 | 73.0 ± 4.92 | 69.7 ± 5.15 |
AAA size (mm) | 37.8 ± 5.3 | 37.0 ± 5.5 | ||
Smoking: Never | 7 | 16 | 3 | 3 |
Past | 10 | 20 | 9 | 4 |
Current | 2 | 0 | 2 | 1 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.9 ± 2.9 | 25.8 ± 3.4 | 27.5 ± 3.6 | 24.9 ± 4.0 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 136.5 ± 13.6 | 135.9 ± 11.3 | 142.1 ± 14.7 | 131.3 ± 14.4 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 78.6 ± 6.1 | 79.6 ± 8.3 | 81.0 ± 7.6 | 84.0 ± 4.2 |
Coronary heart disease | 12 (63%) | 3 (8%) | 5 (35%) | 0 (0%) |
Diabetes | 2 (11%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Dyslipidemia | 15(79%) | 9 (25%) | 9 (64%) | 2 (25%) |
Hypertension | 12 (63%) | 13 (36%) | 9 (64%) | 3 (38%) |
NSAIDs | 5 (26%) | 3 (8%) | 2 (14%) | 0 (0%) |
Ace inhibitors | 2 (11%) | 2 (6%) | 2 (14%) | 1 (13%) |
Alpha-1 blockers | 0 (0%) | 2 (6%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
AT receptor antagonists | 6 (32%) | 6 (17%) | 3 (21%) | 2 (25%) |
Beta blockers | 8 (42%) | 4 (11%) | 2 (14%) | 2 (25%) |
Calcium channel blockers | 2 (11%) | 3 (8%) | 3 (21%) | 2 (25%) |
Diuretics | 2 (11%) | 1 (3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Anti-platelet drugs | 10 (53%) | 2 (6%) | 7 (50%) | 1 (13%) |
Statins | 14 (74%) | 10 (28%) | 9 (64%) | 2 (25%) |
Endpoint | Variable | Chi Square | d.f. | p | Confounder |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
TNF-α | Beta blockers | 0.19 | 1 | 0.66 | No |
TNF-α | Statins | 1.18 | 1 | 0.28 | No |
TNF-α | Low dose Aspirin | 0.10 | 1 | 0.75 | No |
TNF-α | Hyperlipidemia | 0.56 | 1 | 0.46 | No |
TNF-α | Hypertension | 0.01 | 1 | 0.91 | No |
IL-6 | Beta blockers | 0.23 | 1 | 0.63 | No |
IL-6 | Statins | 0.00 | 1 | 0.96 | No |
IL-6 | Hyperlipidemia | 0.12 | 1 | 0.73 | No |
IL-6 | Hypertension | 0.17 | 1 | 0.68 | No |
IL-6 | Coronary heart disease | 0.66 | 1 | 0.42 | No |
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Share and Cite
Meital, L.T.; Windsor, M.T.; Maynard, A.E.; Schulze, K.; Magee, R.; O’Donnell, J.; Jha, P.; Meital, C.Y.; Perissiou, M.; Coverdale, S.; et al. Endotoxin Tolerance in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Macrophages, In Vitro: A Case–Control Study. Antioxidants 2020, 9, 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090896
Meital LT, Windsor MT, Maynard AE, Schulze K, Magee R, O’Donnell J, Jha P, Meital CY, Perissiou M, Coverdale S, et al. Endotoxin Tolerance in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Macrophages, In Vitro: A Case–Control Study. Antioxidants. 2020; 9(9):896. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090896
Chicago/Turabian StyleMeital, Lara T., Mark T. Windsor, Alesiya E. Maynard, Karl Schulze, Rebecca Magee, Jill O’Donnell, Pankaj Jha, Chaim Y. Meital, Maria Perissiou, Steven Coverdale, and et al. 2020. "Endotoxin Tolerance in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Macrophages, In Vitro: A Case–Control Study" Antioxidants 9, no. 9: 896. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9090896