Comparative Study of Antioxidant Power, Polyphenols, Flavonoids and Betacyanins of the Peel and Pulp of Three Tunisian Opuntia Forms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental
2.1. Plant Material
2.2. Solvents and Standard Phenolics
2.3. Sample Preparation
2.4. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity Assay
2.5. Determination of the Total Phenolic Content
2.6. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content
2.7. RP-HPLC and ESI-MS Analysis
2.8. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity
DPPH Antioxidant Scavenging Capacity IC50% (mg·mL−1) a | |||
---|---|---|---|
Tissue Fruit | Peel | Pulp | |
Species-Forms | |||
O. ficus indica “spiny” | 0.54 b ± 0.04 | 0.51 c ± 0.01 | |
O. ficus indica “thornless” | 0.57 b ± 0.02 | 0.56 c ± 0.01 | |
O. stricta | 0.40 b ± 0.03 | 0.43 c ± 0.01 | |
Trolox | 0.33 ± 0.01 |
3.2. Total Phenolic Contents
3.3. Total Flavonoid Content
3.4. RP-HPLC and ESI-MS Analysis
Tunisian Opuntia | Tissues | Major Peaks | Bioactive Compounds | RT (min) | MS (m/z) | MS2 (m/z) | λmax (mn) | Amount (μg·g−1 Fresh Weight) M ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Spiny O. ficus indica | Peel | A31 | unidentified flavonol | 18.45 | 741 | 300 | 352 | 3.13 ± 0.04 |
A32 | Isorhamnetin diglycoside | 20.68 | 769 | 314–605 | 355 | 14.60 ± 0.009 | ||
A33 | Isorhamnetin diglycoside | 21.05 | 755 | 315–605 | 354 | 45.59 ± 0.01 | ||
A34 | unidentified flavonol | 22.43 | 609 | 315–314 | 263–353 | 17.48 ± 0.07 | ||
A35 | Isorhamnetin-3- O-rutinoside | 23.75 | 623 | 315–623 | 352 | 2 ± 0.03 | ||
A36 | Isorhamnetin-3- O-rutinoside | 24.03 | 623 | 315–623 | 352 | 1.98 ± 0.002 | ||
A37 | Isorhamnetin-3- O-glucoside | 24.93 | 477 | 314–477 | 352 | 1.08 ± 0.01 | ||
A38 | phenolic acid | 28.68 | 431 | 193–236 | 328 | 1.81 ± 0.02 | ||
A51 | Indicaxanthin | 7.22 | 309 | 265 | 485 | n.q | ||
Pulp | A61 | Indicaxanthin | 6.98 | 309 | 239 | 485 | n.q | |
Thornless O. ficus indica | Peel | B31 | phenolic acid | 12.55 | 239 | 239 | 328 | 2.44 ± 0.06 |
B32 | phenolic acid | 14 | 355 | 193–355 | 326 | 4.69 ± 0.02 | ||
B33 | phenolic acid | 15.53 | 489 | 235–193 | 325 | 8.64 ± 0.03 | ||
B34 | Isorhamnetin diglycoside | 20.58 | 769 | 315–605 | 355 | 13.07 ± 0.05 | ||
B35 | Isorhamnetin diglycoside | 20.95 | 755 | 315–605 | 354 | 35.09 ± 0.01 | ||
B36 | Isorhamnetin diglycoside | 21.2 | 755 | 315–605 | 353 | 10.13 ± 0.02 | ||
B37 | quercetine-3- O-rutinoside | 22.35 | 609 | 301 | 350 | 5.60 ± 0.05 | ||
B38 | Isorhamnetin-3- O-rutinoside | 23.97 | 623 | 315 | 354 | 18.74 ± 0.08 | ||
B39 | phenolic acid | 28.65 | 431 | 193–237 | 326 | 5.43 ± 0.04 | ||
B51 | Betanin (betanidin-5- O-β-glucoside) | 9.52 | 551 | 475–312 | 530 | n.q | ||
Pulp | B41 | phenolic acid | 20.6 | 613 | 562–477 | 270–332 | 0.34 ± 0.001 | |
B42 | phenolic acid | 20.97 | 565 | 339 | 325 | 0.75 ± 0.003 | ||
B43 | Isorhamnetin3- O-rutinoside | 23.97 | 623 | 315 | 355 | 0.39 ± 0.005 | ||
B61 | Betanin | 7.43 | 551 | 389 | 537 | n.q | ||
B62 | Isobetanin (isobetanidin-5- O-β-glucoside) | 8.43 | 551 | 389 | 537 | n.q | ||
B63 | betanidin | 9.63 | 389 | 389 | 541 | n.q | ||
O. stricta | Peel | C31 | phenolic acid | 12.57 | 395 | 349 | 325 | 4.15 ± 0.002 |
C32 | unidentified compound | 16.2 | 977 | 815 | 346 | n.q | ||
C33 | unidentified compound | 18.68 | 639 | 477 | 346 | n.q | ||
C34 | unidentified compound | 19.27 | 611 | 431 | 345 | n.q | ||
C35 | Isorhamnetin-3- O-rutinoside | 23.68 | 623 | 315 | 352 | 4.95 ± 0.01 | ||
C36 | Isorhamnetin-3- O-rutinoside | 23.97 | 623 | 315 | 355 | 14.27 ± 0.02 | ||
C51 | Betanin | 7.72 | 551 | 389 | 533 | n.q | ||
C52 | Isobetanin | 8.58 | 551 | 389 | 533 | n.q | ||
C53 | betanidin | 9.78 | 389 | 343–150 | 539 | n.q | ||
Pulp | C41 | phenolic acid | 12.62 | 395 | 395–349 | 326 | 0.45 ± 0.003 | |
C42 | phenolic acid | 16.08 | 977 | 815 | 330 | 0.41 ± 0.01 | ||
C43 | phenolic acid | 18.58 | 639 | 477 | 330 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | ||
C44 | phenolic acid | 19.17 | 611 | 431 | 334 | 0.43 ± 0.009 | ||
C45 | Isorhamnetin-3- O-rutinoside | 23.68 | 623 | 315 | 350 | 0.85 ± 0.01 | ||
C46 | Phenolic acid | 24.87 | 477 | 314 | 331 | 2 ± 0.02 | ||
C61 | Betanin | 7.53 | 551 | 389 | 538 | n.q | ||
C62 | Isobetanin | 8.4 | 551 | 389 | 533 | n.q | ||
C63 | betanidin | 9.87 | 389 | 343 | 525 | n.q |
- (a)
- Flavonol glycosyl: The flavonol glycosil class was indicated by absorbance at 255–263 nm and 350–355 nm in accordance with the work of Wollenweber [48]. He analyzed the flavonoids in the fronds of Cheilanthes farinosa (Polypodiaceae) and detected such peaks at the mentioned wavelength. Results show that the peel of the thornless O. ficus indica has the highest amount of phenolic compounds. The most dominant flavonol glycosil are isorhamnetin derivatives. They are found in the peels but not in the pulp (very small amount of isorhamnetin-3-O-rutinoside in the thornless forms and O. stricta). The content of these compounds are as follows: thornless O. ficus indica: 77.03 μg·g−1 spiny O. ficus indica: 65.25 μg·g−1; and O. stricta 19.22 μg·g−1. The peel also contained a compound not found in the spiny O. ficus indica and the O. stricta. This compound was identified as quercetin 3-O-rutinoside (5.60 ± 0.05 μg·g−1 FW). Compared to Tunisian fruits that contained more isorhamnetin, less quercetin and no kaempferol, Kuti [14] showed that the Texas fruit has more quercetin, less isorhamnetin, and some kaempferol. Fernández-López et al. [49] reported for Opuntia fruits significant amounts of flavonoids, being quercetin in the predominant type followed by isorhamnetin, luteolin and kaempferol. These results indicate that the phenols are region-specific. Our MS results showed a signal at m/z 769 (A32 and B34). The corresponding MS2 spectrum exhibited a main product ion at m/z 605 and 314. These results could be correlated to the presence of isorhamnetin [28]. The signal at m/z 605 corresponds to the loss of a fragment with −146 amu (atomic mass unit) in accordance with the mass of a deoxyhexose moiety flowed by one water molecule ([M − H − 146 − 18]−). The fragment at 314 corresponds to the molar mass of an ionic isorhamnetin. The MS spectrum of peaks A33, B35 and B36 produced a pseudomolecular ion [M − H]− at m/z 755, releasing a major MS2 fragment at m/z 605 = ([M − H −132 − 18]−) and 315, −132 amu is the molar mass of a pentose which loses a water molecule, thus allowing us to hypothesize that those signals correspond to an isorhamnetin diglycoside containing one pentose molecule. All these MS results prove the presence of isorhamnetin derivatives.
- (b)
- Phenolic acids: The highest content of total phenolic acids was found in thornless O. ficus indica peel (21.2 μg·g−1 FW) followed by O. stricta peel (4.15 μg·g−1 FW) and pulp (3.72 μg·g−1 FW). No phenolic acid was detected in the spiny O. ficus indica pulp.
- (c)
- Betalain: The A61 showed a pseudomolecular ion [M + H]+ at m/z 309. The corresponding MS2 spectrum exhibited a main product ion at m/z 239. The A61 spectrum (MS and MS2) was indicative of indicaxanthin. The MS spectrum of peaks B51, B61, C51, and C61 produced a pseudomolecular ion [M + H]+ at m/z 551 and the MS2 spectrum showed produced ions at m/z 389. The peaks were identified as betanin. The chromatographic profile of betalain peel showed the richness of the spiny O. ficus indica in indicaxanthin (A51 at 470 nm) and the O. stricta in betacyanin (C51, C52 and C53 at 540 nm). Table 2 revealed a wealth in betacyanin in O. stricta and thornless O. ficus indica pulp. Our results are in agreement with the results of Castellar et al. [31], who found that the level of betanin and isobetanin were around five times higher in Murcia O. stricta (southeast of Spain) than in the red-purple fruits of O. ficus indica.
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
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Yeddes, N.; Chérif, J.K.; Guyot, S.; Sotin, H.; Ayadi, M.T. Comparative Study of Antioxidant Power, Polyphenols, Flavonoids and Betacyanins of the Peel and Pulp of Three Tunisian Opuntia Forms. Antioxidants 2013, 2, 37-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox2020037
Yeddes N, Chérif JK, Guyot S, Sotin H, Ayadi MT. Comparative Study of Antioxidant Power, Polyphenols, Flavonoids and Betacyanins of the Peel and Pulp of Three Tunisian Opuntia Forms. Antioxidants. 2013; 2(2):37-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox2020037
Chicago/Turabian StyleYeddes, Nizar, Jamila K. Chérif, Sylvain Guyot, Hélène Sotin, and Malika T. Ayadi. 2013. "Comparative Study of Antioxidant Power, Polyphenols, Flavonoids and Betacyanins of the Peel and Pulp of Three Tunisian Opuntia Forms" Antioxidants 2, no. 2: 37-51. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox2020037