Polyphenols in Ruminant Nutrition and Their Effects on Reproduction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Polyphenols and Their Benefits
3. Division of Polyphenols and Their Sources in the Diet
3.1. Flavonoids
3.2. Non-Flavonoids
3.2.1. Phenolic Acids
3.2.2. Stilbenes
3.2.3. Lignans
4. Appearance of Polyphenols
5. Absorption, Metabolism, and Elimination of Polyphenols
6. Bioavailability of Polyphenols in Ruminants
7. Effects of Polyphenol as Phytoestrogens
7.1. Benefits of Polyphenols in Ruminants
7.2. Adverse Effects of Phytoestrogenes in Ruminants
8. Antioxidant and Prooxidative Actions of Polyphenols
8.1. Antioxidant Properties of Polyphenols
8.2. Polyphenols as Prooxidans
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ART | assisted reproductive techniques |
ATP | adenosine triphosphate |
CAT | catalase |
CYP | cytochrome P-450-dependent mixed function oxidase |
E2 | estradiol |
EC-SOD (SOD3) | superoxide dismutase 3 |
EGCG | epigallocatechin-3-gallate |
ERα | estrogen receptor alpha |
ERβ | estrogen receptor beta |
GPx | glutathione peroxidase |
GSH | glutathione |
GSSG | oxidized glutathione |
GST | glutathione transferase |
GTEx | green tea extract |
LH | luteinizing hormone |
IGF-1 | insulin-like growth factor 1 |
NO | nitric oxide |
OxSt | oxidative stress |
PGE | prostaglandin E2 |
RNS | reactive nitrogen species |
ROS | reactive oxygen species |
SOD 1 | superoxide dismutase 1 |
SOD 2 | superoxide dismutase 2 |
T3 | thyroid hormones 3 |
T4 | thyroid hormones 4 |
VFA | volatile fatty acid |
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Bešlo, D.; Došlić, G.; Agić, D.; Rastija, V.; Šperanda, M.; Gantner, V.; Lučić, B. Polyphenols in Ruminant Nutrition and Their Effects on Reproduction. Antioxidants 2022, 11, 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050970
Bešlo D, Došlić G, Agić D, Rastija V, Šperanda M, Gantner V, Lučić B. Polyphenols in Ruminant Nutrition and Their Effects on Reproduction. Antioxidants. 2022; 11(5):970. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050970
Chicago/Turabian StyleBešlo, Drago, Gloria Došlić, Dejan Agić, Vesna Rastija, Marcela Šperanda, Vesna Gantner, and Bono Lučić. 2022. "Polyphenols in Ruminant Nutrition and Their Effects on Reproduction" Antioxidants 11, no. 5: 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050970
APA StyleBešlo, D., Došlić, G., Agić, D., Rastija, V., Šperanda, M., Gantner, V., & Lučić, B. (2022). Polyphenols in Ruminant Nutrition and Their Effects on Reproduction. Antioxidants, 11(5), 970. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11050970