Hidrox® and Endometriosis: Biochemical Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Pain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animals
2.2. Experimental Protocol
2.3. Experimental Groups
- (1)
- Vehicle group: Rats were subjected to experimental endometriosis as described above, and vehicle (saline) was administered by gavage on the 7th day and for the next 7 days.
- (2)
- Hidrox® group: Rats were subjected to experimental endometriosis as described above, and Hidrox® (10 mg/kg) was administered by gavage on the 7th day and for the next 7 days.
- (3)
- Sham group: Rats were injected intraperitoneally with 500 μL of PBS without endometrial tissue, and vehicle (saline) was administered by gavage on the 7th day and for the next 7 days.
2.4. Open Field Test
2.5. Hot Plate
2.6. Elevated Plus Maze Test
2.7. Acetic-Acid-Induced Abdominal Contractions
2.8. Determination of Reduced Glutathione Levels
2.9. Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation
2.10. Measurement of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) Activity
2.11. Analysis of Myeloperoxidase (MPO) Activity
2.12. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
2.13. Histological Examination
2.14. Immunohistochemical Analysis
2.15. Western Blot Analysis
2.16. Statistical Evaluation
3. Results
3.1. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Lesion Size in Endometriosis
3.2. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Fibrosis and Angiogenesis Associated with Endometriosis
3.3. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Hyperproliferation and Anti-Apoptosis
3.4. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Mast Cell Number and on Biochemical Parameters
3.5. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Cytokine Expressions in Lesions and Peritoneal Fluid
3.6. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Pain Sensitivity Threshold
3.7. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Tight Junctions Neuroinflammation
3.8. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Neuroinflammation
3.9. Effect of Hidrox® Treatment on Oxidative Hippocampal Alterations
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Cordaro, M.; Trovato Salinaro, A.; Siracusa, R.; D'Amico, R.; Impellizzeri, D.; Scuto, M.; Ontario, M.L.; Interdonato, L.; Crea, R.; Fusco, R.; et al. Hidrox® and Endometriosis: Biochemical Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Pain. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050720
Cordaro M, Trovato Salinaro A, Siracusa R, D'Amico R, Impellizzeri D, Scuto M, Ontario ML, Interdonato L, Crea R, Fusco R, et al. Hidrox® and Endometriosis: Biochemical Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Pain. Antioxidants. 2021; 10(5):720. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050720
Chicago/Turabian StyleCordaro, Marika, Angela Trovato Salinaro, Rosalba Siracusa, Ramona D'Amico, Daniela Impellizzeri, Maria Scuto, Maria Laura Ontario, Livia Interdonato, Roberto Crea, Roberta Fusco, and et al. 2021. "Hidrox® and Endometriosis: Biochemical Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Pain" Antioxidants 10, no. 5: 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050720
APA StyleCordaro, M., Trovato Salinaro, A., Siracusa, R., D'Amico, R., Impellizzeri, D., Scuto, M., Ontario, M. L., Interdonato, L., Crea, R., Fusco, R., Cuzzocrea, S., Di Paola, R., & Calabrese, V. (2021). Hidrox® and Endometriosis: Biochemical Evaluation of Oxidative Stress and Pain. Antioxidants, 10(5), 720. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10050720