Effects of a Standardized DBT—A Program on Identity Development in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Description
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
- Aged 13–18;
- Inpatient referral for non-suicidal self-harming behavior, aggressive/impulsive behavior, and emotional crises;
- Voluntary participation in the structured 3-month DBT-A in-patient program.
- Diagnoses of schizophrenic or affective psychosis.
2.3. Diagnoses
2.4. Experimental Intervention
2.5. Research Design
2.6. Psychometric Assessments
2.6.1. Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA)
2.6.2. Reliability
2.6.3. Validity
2.6.4. Depression Inventory for Children and Adolescents (DIKJ) [35]
2.6.5. Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) [36]
2.6.6. Questionnaire for the Assessment of Emotional Regulation in Children and Adolescents (FEEL-KJ)
2.6.7. Scales for Experiencing Emotions (SEE)
2.7. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Comparison “Completer versus Non-Completer”
3.1.1. Assessment of Impairment of Identity Development in Adolescence (AIDA) [19]
3.1.2. Depression Inventory for Children and Adolescents (DIKJ) [35]
3.1.3. Symptom Checklist (SCL-90-R) [36]
3.1.4. Questionnaire for the Assessment of Emotional Regulation in Children and Adolescents (FEEL-KJ) [37]
3.1.5. Scales of Experience Emotions (SEE)
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Diagnosen | ICD-10 | Frequency (n) | Percentage (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Adjustment disorder | F43.2 | 4 | 3 |
Anorexia nervosa | F50.1 | 25 | 18 |
Bulimia nervosa | F50.2 | 7 | 5 |
Dissociative convulsions | F44.5 | 1 | 1 |
Emotionally unstable personality disorder | F60.31 | 47 | 34 |
Moderate depressive episode | F32.1 | 15 | 11 |
Other mixed disorders of conduct and emotions | F92.8 | 1 | 1 |
Other specific personality disorders | F60.8 | 1 | 1 |
Post-traumatic stress disorder | F43.1 | 34 | 24 |
Social phobia | F40.1 | 2 | 1 |
Somatization disorder | F45.0 | 1 | 1 |
Sample Description | |
---|---|
Participants (n) | n = 138 |
Gender % (n) | |
Male | 12.3 (17) |
Female | 87.7 (121) |
M (SD) | 16.5 (1.3) |
Age (min.–max.) | 13.7–18.8 |
M (SD) | 14.9 (5.9) |
(Duration of treatment in weeks) |
Completer n = 138 | Non-Completer n = 50 | MANOVA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean T1 | SD T1 | Mean T2 | SD T2 | F(df) | Sig. | Partial η2 | |
Identity Diffusion (AIDA) | 65.79 | 13.13 | 60.92 | 14.35 | 4.80 (1) | 0.030 | 0.025 |
Depression (DIKJ) | 64.18 | 11.77 | 57.78 | 13.93 | 9.82 (1) | 0.002 | 0.050 |
GSI (SCL-90-R) | 67.82 | 11.71 | 62.88 | 12.59 | 6.27 (1) | 0.013 | 0.033 |
FEEL-KJ—adaptive strategies (total) | 37.29 | 12.79 | 40.76 | 11.70 | 2.82 (1) | 0.095 | 0.015 |
FEEL-KJ—maladaptive strategies (total) | 62.19 | 13.42 | 58.80 | 14.05 | 2.28 (1) | 0.133 | 0.012 |
Mean T1 | SD T1 | Mean T2 | SD T2 | Mean dif | SD dif | t | df | p | d | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diffusion (AIDA) | 65.79 | 13.13 | 58.74 | 15.92 | 7.05 | 14.85 | 5.58 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.67 |
Discontinuity (AIDA) | 67.20 | 12.93 | 60.88 | 15.45 | 6.33 | 14.56 | 5.10 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.63 |
Incoherence (AIDA) | 63.17 | 13.41 | 57.18 | 15.25 | 5.99 | 14.09 | 5.00 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.68 |
DIKJ | 67.82 | 11.71 | 59.71 | 14.68 | 8.11 | 13.44 | 7.09 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.91 |
GSI (SCL-90-R) | 64.18 | 11.79 | 55.46 | 14.59 | 8.72 | 14.08 | 7.28 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.83 |
FEEL-KJ | Mean T1 | SD T1 | Mean T2 | SD T2 | Mean dif | SD dif | t | df | p | d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adaptive strategies (total) | 37.29 | 12.79 | 46.41 | 14.45 | −9.12 | 14.76 | −7.26 | 137 | <0.001 | −1.02 |
Anger | 38.11 | 12.09 | 46.66 | 13.50 | −8.55 | 14.25 | −7.05 | 137 | <0.001 | −1.03 |
Anxiety | 37.04 | 11.96 | 46.93 | 14.11 | −9.89 | 14.40 | −6.14 | 137 | <0.001 | −0.80 |
Sadness | 38.91 | 12.27 | 46.63 | 13.78 | −7.73 | 14.52 | −6.25 | 137 | <0.001 | −0.86 |
Maladaptive strategies (total) | 62.19 | 13.42 | 56.47 | 15.28 | 5.72 | 13.96 | 4.81 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.48 |
Anger | 59.88 | 13.01 | 55.25 | 14.19 | 4.62 | 13.01 | 4.18 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.49 |
Anxiety | 60.51 | 13.72 | 55.78 | 15.33 | 4.73 | 15.23 | 3.64 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.37 |
Sadness | 61.43 | 12.17 | 55.56 | 13.73 | 5.87 | 12.88 | 5.35 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.62 |
SEE | Mean T1 | SD T1 | Mean T1 | SD T2 | Mean dif | SD dif | t | df | p | d |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acceptance of own emotions | 36.07 | 14.81 | 43.41 | 17.17 | −7.34 | 17.42 | −4.92 | 137 | <0.001 | −0.66 |
Experience of emotion overload | 57.27 | 11.17 | 50.63 | 12.40 | 6.64 | 13.78 | 5.62 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.82 |
Experience lack of emotion | 58.94 | 14.08 | 53.17 | 13.23 | 5.77 | 15.23 | 4.42 | 137 | <0.001 | 0.48 |
Body symbolization of emotions | 42.15 | 11.79 | 41.79 | 11.76 | 0.36 | 10.27 | 0.41 | 137 | >0.05 | − |
Imaginative symbolization of emotions | 44.45 | 10.43 | 45.29 | 10.41 | −0.84 | 9.61 | −1.02 | 137 | >0.05 | − |
Experience of emotion regulation | 43.34 | 12.67 | 50.80 | 13.42 | −7.46 | 15.95 | −5.46 | 137 | <0.001 | −0.79 |
Experience of self-control | 48.71 | 11.61 | 52.46 | 11.34 | −3.74 | 11.24 | −3.88 | 137 | < 0.001 | −0.46 |
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Dixius, A.; Möhler, E. Effects of a Standardized DBT—A Program on Identity Development in Adolescents. Brain Sci. 2023, 13, 1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091328
Dixius A, Möhler E. Effects of a Standardized DBT—A Program on Identity Development in Adolescents. Brain Sciences. 2023; 13(9):1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091328
Chicago/Turabian StyleDixius, Andrea, and Eva Möhler. 2023. "Effects of a Standardized DBT—A Program on Identity Development in Adolescents" Brain Sciences 13, no. 9: 1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091328
APA StyleDixius, A., & Möhler, E. (2023). Effects of a Standardized DBT—A Program on Identity Development in Adolescents. Brain Sciences, 13(9), 1328. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13091328