Abstract
Purpose: Nasal obstruction is believed to play a significant role in the pathophysiology and management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). However, controversy remains about the ability of isolated nasal surgery to improve OSA. The objective of this systematic review is to give an updated overview of the literature on whether isolated nasal surgery can improve OSA subjectively (Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS)) and/or objectively (polysomnography (PSG)). Methods: A systematic review was performed searching the electronic databases PubMed, Embase.com (accessed on 20 June 2022) Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) up to 20 June 2022. Eligible studies were reviewed for methodological quality using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. Results: Twenty-one studies met the inclusion criteria. The majority of the included studies reported no significant reduction in the apnea–hypopnea index (AHI) after isolated nasal surgery in patients with OSA. The meta-analysis suggests that the AHI slightly decreases after nasal surgery. The ESS was significantly lower after nasal surgery in eighteen studies. Conclusion: Based on the present analysis of objective outcomes, isolated nasal surgery did not improve the AHI significantly in the majority of the studies. The meta-analysis suggests a slight decrease in AHI after nasal surgery, but this reduction is not clinically relevant in terms of treatment success. Isolated nasal surgery should therefore not be recommended as a first-line treatment for OSA. Because of high study heterogeneity, these results should be interpreted with caution. Isolated nasal surgery can possibly improve OSA subjectively. Perhaps only OSA patients with complaints of nasal obstruction or OSA patients experiencing difficulty with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) compliance would benefit from isolated nasal surgery.
1. Introduction
Nasal obstruction is common in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and is a known risk factor [1]. Nasal obstruction can be caused by nasal congestion due to chronic rhinosinusitis with or without nasal polyps, allergies or structural abnormalities, such as a deviated nasal septum and enlarged turbinates or adenoid. Nasal obstruction caused by nasal packing can also induce apnea in healthy people and also worsen OSA [2,3]. It is therefore recommended that obstructive nasal packing not be used after nasal surgery in patients with OSA [4]. OSA is primarily caused by recurrent episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the upper airway. Pathophysiologically, nasal obstruction causes increased airway resistance, which contributes to oropharyngeal collapse as seen in OSA patients, according to the Starling resistor model [5]. Additionally, mouth breathing as a result of nasal obstruction leads to increased airway resistance [6]. Consequently, nasal obstruction is believed to play a significant role in the pathophysiology and management of OSA. Nasal obstruction can be treated with medication, such as nasal or oral steroids, but also surgically in the presence of structural abnormalities. Surgical interventions such as septoplasty, turbinate reduction, sinus surgery and nasal valve reconstruction can help relieve nasal obstruction complaints. The effect of isolated nasal surgery on the apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) has been described in several studies. However, controversy remains about the ability of isolated nasal surgery to improve OSA. To date, three systematic reviews have described the effect of nasal surgery on the AHI. Controversially, the conclusions differ between the reviews. The most recent meta-analysis by Wu et al. (2017) described a significant reduction in the AHI after isolated nasal surgery [7]. In contrast, Li et al. and Ishii et al. reported no significant reduction in the AHI after nasal surgery [8,9]. The effect of nasal surgery on subjective outcomes such as the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) was better. The ESS improved significantly after nasal surgery in all studies. The objective of this systematic review is to give an updated overview of the literature on whether isolated nasal surgery can improve OSA subjectively (ESS) and/or objectively (polysomnography (PSG)).
2. Materials and Methods
The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement was followed [10]. Computerized and manual searches were performed to identify all relevant data. Studies were identified by searching PubMed, Embase.com, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and CENTRAL from inception to 20 June 2022. The keywords and MeSH terms used were: “sleep apnea, obstructive,” “OSA,” “nasal surgical procedures,” “septoplasty,” “rhinoplasty,” “septorhinoplasty” and “turbinectomy.” The complete search strategies for all databases can be found in Appendix A. The computerized search yielded a total of 2486 studies, 1954 after the removal of duplicates. Two investigators independently assessed the titles and abstracts for eligibility (Figure 1). The investigators discussed any disparities regarding the inclusion of studies, and based on the inclusion criteria, a joint decision was made. The reference lists of the included studies and previous reviews were checked to ensure that additional relevant studies were not missed.
Figure 1.
Flow chart of study selection.
2.1. Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria
Only articles with full text availability were evaluated in accordance with the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The inclusion criteria were: patients with OSA (defined as AHI ≥ 5 events/h); pre- and postoperative objective changes in AHI (obtained from level 1 or 2 polysomnography) or subjective changes in the ESS, isolated nasal surgery treatment including septorhinoplasty, rhinoplasty, nasal valve reconstruction, sinus surgery or varying methods of turbinate reduction in absence of any other level surgery. The exclusion criteria were: age < 18 years, patients without OSA or only snoring, multilevel surgery, pre- and postoperative outcomes derived from home sleep test with type 3 or 4 sleep study, review articles, case reports, conference abstracts and non-English published articles.
2.2. Data Extraction
Data were extracted to determine study methodology, results and conclusions. The published data from the included studies were reported in a worksheet by one of the authors and checked by the other authors to ensure accuracy. Study characteristics including study design and study duration were extracted. Details on patient characteristics, type of surgical intervention, outcomes (AHI/ESS), continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) usage during the study, and data conclusions were also extracted.
2.3. Data Analysis
Descriptive analysis was performed on the pooled data using means and standard deviations when available. Statistical meta-analysis was conducted using R statistical software version 4.2.0 (R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria). Study means and mean differences (postoperative—preoperative) for AHI and ESS were calculated. Accompanying 95 percent confidence intervals were calculated when standard deviations were available. The I2 test was used to calculate the heterogeneity of the studies. A random-effects model was used according to the DerSimonian and Laird method for mean differences. Study designs, patient groups and types of surgeries varied between studies, and therefore, conclusions from this analysis should be drawn with caution.
2.4. Quality Assessment of Included Studies
The NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies was used to perform a quality assessment of the included studies [11]. This tool helps to evaluate the internal validity and the potential for bias in different studies. Study designs not matching this assessment tool were separately evaluated with more design-specific quality assessment questions. The answers to the questions will be summarized.
3. Results
3.1. Study Characteristics
A total of 1954 titles and abstracts were identified in the search. The study selection flow chart is shown in Figure 1. Twenty-seven full-text studies were assessed for eligibility. Six studies were excluded because the outcome parameters did not report the AHI or a home sleep test with a type 3 or 4 sleep study was used to diagnose OSA. A total of 21 studies met our inclusion criteria and were included in the final analysis [12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32]. One randomized controlled trial, 1 nonrandomized controlled trial, 15 prospective studies and 4 retrospective studies were included. Polysomnography was performed in all studies to assess OSA outcomes. Several studies divided OSA treatment outcomes into subgroups based on AHI, where mild OSA was defined as AHI between 5 and 15 events/h, moderate OSA as AHI 15–30 events/h and severe OSA as AHI > 30 events/h. Nasal surgery was performed in all studies and consisted of septoplasty, the submucous resection of the septum, septorhinoplasty, turbinate reduction performed differently, endoscopic sinus surgery and nasal valve surgery. Subjective outcomes were mostly assessed with the ESS. The study protocols are shown in Table 1.
Table 1.
Study characteristics.
3.2. Patients Characteristics
The majority of the included patients were male; the percentages of males in the various studies ranged from 52.96% to 100.00%. The age of included patients varied from 18 to 70 years. The details per study are shown in Table 2.
Table 2.
Patients’ characteristics.
3.3. Apnea–Hypopnea Index/Epworth Sleepiness Scale
The overall AHI was not significantly different after nasal surgery in twelve studies [15,16,17,18,21,22,23,24,25,28,29,30]. In one study, the AHI only significantly decreased in the mild OSA group, defined as AHI between 5 and 15 events/h [14]. In the remaining eight studies, the overall AHI decreased significantly after nasal surgery [12,13,19,20,26,27,31,32]. Table 2 shows the exact results per study. Three studies were not included in the meta-analysis for change in AHI because no standard deviation of outcome was provided [15,20,30]. Wu et al. only provided the AHI for different subgroups; therefore, the subgroups were separately analyzed [14]. In total, 18 studies were analyzed. There was a considerable clinical heterogeneity between studies, with I2 = 98%. There was an overall decrease of 4.08 in the mean difference between preoperative and postoperative AHI. The forest plot of the random-effects model for the meta-analysis is shown in Figure A1 in the Appendix A.
The ESS was significantly lower after nasal surgery in eighteen studies; the remaining three studies [12,13,20] did not report the ESS, as shown in Table 2. Six studies were not included in the meta-analysis for change in ESS because no standard deviation of outcome was provided [12,13,14,19,20,23]. The heterogeneity test resulted in considerable heterogeneity between studies, with I2 = 100%. There was an overall decrease of 4.01 in the mean difference between preoperative and postoperative ESS as shown in Figure A2 in Appendix A.
3.4. CPAP Usage
In thirteen studies, it was not reported if patients used CPAP during the study period [12,13,14,15,16,19,20,23,24,26,27,29,32]. Nakata et al. included patients using CPAP, but it was unclear if they used CPAP postoperatively [21]. The only randomized controlled trial excluded patients with CPAP therapy during the course of the study [25]. Three studies specifically evaluated the effect of nasal surgery in patients with CPAP intolerance [22,28,30]. In these studies, almost all patients tolerated CPAP postoperatively. In another study, CPAP titration was carried out in all patients, and postoperatively, there was a reduction in CPAP titration pressure, but it was not significant [18]. Tagaya et al. compared a nasal surgery group to a CPAP therapy group and according to daytime sleepiness, nasal surgery was more satisfactory for OSA patients than CPAP therapy [17]. Another study evaluated the effect of nasal surgery between CPAP users and non-CPAP users and found that CPAP users had a lower ESS after nasal surgery compared with non-CPAP users [31].
3.5. Quality Assessment Individual Studies
A detailed overview of the quality assessment is shown in Table 3. The randomized trial is not shown in the table because the quality assessment questions were not applicable to this study [25]. More study-design-specific quality assessment questions were applied. This study clearly stated randomization, blinding and reason for dropout. Additionally, sufficient sample size was reported to be able to detect a difference with 80% power. Overall, this study had a good quality rating. Although Tagaya et al. and Xiao et al. performed no observational cohort studies, they are summarized in Table 3, which still gives a good summary of the quality. Overall, studies clearly stated their research question and specified the selection criteria for their study population except one study [31]. Patient selection was not clearly specified in this study. One study did not specify the type of nasal surgery [15], and five studies did not specify the time frame within which patients were included [20,23,24,27,29]. Most studies were prospective and clearly stated the in- and exclusion criteria. In one study, only 56 out of 156 eligible patients were included because there was no postoperative PSG, making this study susceptible to selection bias [12]. OSA was diagnosed prior to nasal surgery with PSG, and a postoperative PSG was performed after an acceptable time. Obstructive respiratory events were consistently scored according to the American Academy of Sleep Medicine criteria. In one study, it was not clear whether PSG was used as a preoperative measurement [32]. Two studies did not report a time frame between preoperative and postoperative PSG [17,21]. For all studies, question 8 was not applicable because all patients received nasal surgery. Some studies reported on possible confounders; only three studies adjusted statistically for their impact [12,15,19]. Therefore, it is unclear if the impact of nasal surgery is free of bias in the rest of the studies.
Table 3.
Quality assessment individual studies.
4. Discussion
Nasal surgery can be seen as a part of the comprehensive care of OSA. The purpose of this review was to give an updated systematic review of the literature and quality assessment of the current literature on whether isolated nasal surgery can improve OSA subjectively and/or objectively. The majority of included studies suggest that nasal surgery does not significantly improve OSA in terms of AHI; however, the meta-analysis suggests that the AHI decreases slightly after nasal surgery. The significance of this reduction is questionable because of the considerable heterogeneity between studies. In terms of subjective outcomes measured with the ESS, almost all studies reported a significant improvement after nasal surgery.
Several studies suggest that nasal surgery plays an adjunctive part in the management of OSA [33]. For example, Tsai et al. stated that the multimodality treatment and holistic care of OSA should involve nasal surgery to optimize treatment outcomes [34]. However, the current literature remains controversial about the ability of isolated nasal surgery to improve respiratory disturbances in OSA. This review found similar results to the most recent published meta-analysis. Wu et al. concluded that there was a significant improvement in the AHI and ESS after isolated nasal surgery [7]. Meanwhile, two previous systematic reviews and a meta-analysis concluded that the AHI did not significantly decrease after nasal surgery [8,9]. These studies did find similar results for the improvement in ESS.
When interpreting these conclusions, it needs to be considered that there was a considerable clinical heterogeneity between studies. This review therefore tried to focus on the quality of the included studies and possible explanations for controversies and discrepancies in the current literature. Variations in study designs and the lack of large randomized trials contribute to the heterogeneity. Only one RCT met the inclusion criteria [25]. The remaining studies were either prospective or retrospective cohort studies, being more susceptible to selection bias. Notable is that this RCT and the relatively larger studies of higher quality more often found that nasal surgery does not improve OSA in terms of AHI. Patient selection also was different for many studies; several studies included all severities of OSA, but other studies only included patients with severe OSA and CPAP failure. The causes of nasal obstruction also differed between studies; some studies included patients with allergic rhinitis, and others only included patients with structural abnormalities. In addition, the types of nasal surgeries were inconsistent, and this also contributed to the considerable heterogeneity. On the other hand, by only including studies using level 1 or 2 polysomnography to determine OSA severity, heterogeneity was reduced.
This review does have several limitations. Because of this considerable heterogeneity, no proper significant meta-analysis with subgroup analysis was performed. Although a previous meta-analysis did succeed in demonstrating significant results, no relevant subgroup analysis was performed. In order to prevent misleading conclusions, this review focused on descriptive analysis and not meta-analysis. The clinical relevance of the significant decrease of AHI in the eight studies included in this review is also questionable. The decrease was often small and did not often result in treatment success as defined according to Sher [35], with a reduction of 50% in AHI and an AHI less than 20. Additionally, the overall postoperative decrease in AHI of 4.08 in the mean difference will not result in treatment success. The different times to follow-up will also have contributed to the inter-study differences in changes in AHI. Most studies repeated the polysomnography after three months postoperatively, but Kim et al., for example, found a more significant reduction in the AHI after six months [26]. The longest mean period of follow-up was 12 months.
In almost all studies, subjective outcomes improved significantly after nasal surgery. The significant improvement in ESS is also questionable because of the considerable heterogeneity between studies. This could possibly be explained because different patients were selected for nasal surgery, and CPAP was used simultaneously in some studies. Bican et al. and Elwany et al. concluded that patients tolerated CPAP therapy better after nasal surgery [28,31]. They found a significant decrease in CPAP titration pressure after nasal surgery. Better tolerance resulting in better sleep quality could help explain the improvement in ESS in some studies rather than the nasal surgery alone. On the contrary, Tagaya et al. found that the improvement in ESS was more significant for nasal surgery compared with CPAP therapy in OSA patients [17].
There is a remarkable discrepancy between the objective and subjective results of isolated nasal surgery. Patients often feel better, but this is usually not reflected in a substantial improvement in the AHI, suggesting that nasal surgery could be an adjunct to OSA treatment based on subjective outcomes. A meta-analysis also described that isolated nasal surgery reduces therapeutic CPAP pressure in patients with OSA and nasal obstruction [36]. Therefore, nasal surgery could contribute to better CPAP compliance in patients with OSA.
5. Conclusions
Based on the present analysis of objective outcomes, isolated nasal surgery did not improve the AHI significantly in the majority of the studies. The meta-analysis suggests a slight decrease in AHI after nasal surgery, but this reduction is not clinically relevant in terms of treatment success. Isolated nasal surgery should therefore not be recommended as a first-line treatment for OSA. Because of high heterogeneity, these results should be interpreted with caution. Isolated nasal surgery can possibly improve OSA subjectively. Perhaps only OSA patients with complaints of nasal obstruction or OSA patients experiencing difficulty with CPAP compliance would benefit from nasal surgery. More consistent randomized trials should be performed to evaluate the effect of isolated nasal surgery on OSA in specific subgroups.
Author Contributions
Conceptualization, E.S. and P.v.M.; methodology, E.S. and C.d.H.; software, E.S. and C.d.H.; validation, E.S., P.v.M. and M.J.L.R.; formal analysis, E.S. and P.v.M.; investigation, E.S.; resources, E.S. and C.d.H.; data curation, E.S.; writing—original draft preparation, E.S.; writing—review and editing, P.v.M., C.d.H., M.J.L.R. and N.d.V.; visualization, E.S.; supervision, N.d.V.; project administration, E.S.; All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding
No funding was received. N. de Vries is a member of the Medical Advisory Board of NightBalance, Somnomed and a consultant to Philips Healthcare, Inspire Medical Systems and Nyxoah.
Institutional Review Board Statement
Not applicable.
Informed Consent Statement
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
None of the other authors have any conflicts of interest regarding the material discussed in this manuscript.
Appendix A
Figure A1.
Forest plot: random-effects model of meta-analysis of mean difference (MD) of postoperative compared with preoperative apnea-hypopnea index (AHI). Wu et al. A = mild OSA group, B = moderate OSA group and C = severe OSA group.
Figure A2.
Forest plot: random-effects model of meta-analysis of mean difference (MD) of postoperative compared with preoperative Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS).
Table A1.
Search strategies for PubMed, Embase.com, Cochrane Library and CENTRAL.
Table A1.
Search strategies for PubMed, Embase.com, Cochrane Library and CENTRAL.
| Database | Before Excluding Duplicates | After Excluding Duplicates |
|---|---|---|
| PubMed | 1414 | 1411 |
| Embase.com | 944 | 464 |
| Cochrane reviews | 3 | 2 |
| CENTRAL | 125 | 77 |
| Total | 2486 | 1954 |
Table A2.
PubMed.
Table A2.
PubMed.
| No. | Query | Results |
|---|---|---|
| #5 | #4 AND English[la] | 1414 |
| #4 | #3 NOT ((“Adolescent”[Mesh] OR “Child”[Mesh] OR “Infant”[Mesh]) NOT (“Adult”[Mesh])) | 1665 |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 2018 |
| #2 | “Sleep Apnea, Obstructive”[Mesh] OR OSA[tiab] OR OSAS[tiab] OR OSAHS[tiab] OR apnoe*[tiab] OR apne*[tiab] OR hypopnea*[tiab] OR hypopnoe*[tiab] OR sdb[tiab] OR “sleep disordered”[tiab] OR “obesity hypoventilat*”[tiab] OR “sleep hypoventilat*”[tiab] OR “upper airway resistance syndrom*”[tiab] | 67,764 |
| #1 | “Nasal Surgical Procedures”[Mesh] OR “endoscopic sinus surg*”[tiab] OR FESS[tiab] OR septoplast*[tiab] OR rhinoplast*[tiab] OR septorhinoplast*[tiab] OR “septo-rhinoplast*”[tiab] OR rhinoseptoplast*[tiab] OR “rhino-septoplast*”[tiab] OR ((“Nose”[Mesh] OR “Nasal Obstruction”[Mesh] OR “Nasal Polyps”[Mesh] OR nose*[tiab] OR nasal*[tiab] OR intranasal*[tiab] OR “intra-nasal*”[tiab] OR turbinate*[tiab] OR septum*[tiab] OR septal*[tiab]) AND (polypectom*[tiab] OR turbinoplast*[tiab] OR turbinectom*[tiab] OR “submucosal diatherm*”[tiab] OR surg*[tiab] OR suspension*[tiab] OR correct*[tiab] OR resect*[tiab] OR reduction*[tiab])) | 95,232 |
Table A3.
Embase.com.
Table A3.
Embase.com.
| No. | Query | Results |
|---|---|---|
| #5 | #1 AND #2 AND [english]/lim NOT [conference abstract]/lim | 944 |
| #4 | #4 AND [english]/lim | 1209 |
| #4 | #3 NOT ((‘adolescent’/exp OR ’child’/exp) NOT (’adult’/exp OR ’aged’/exp OR ’middle aged’/exp)) | 1413 |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 | 1595 |
| #2 | ’nose surgery’/exp OR ’endoscopic sinus surg*’:ti,ab,kw OR fess:ti,ab,kw OR septoplasty *:ti,ab,kw OR rhinoplast*:ti,ab,kw OR septorhinoplast*:ti,ab,kw OR ’septo-rhinoplast *’:ti,ab,kw OR rhinoseptoplast*:ti,ab,kw OR ’rhino-septoplast*’:ti,ab,kw OR ((nose* OR nasal* OR intranasal* OR ’intra nasal*’ OR turbinate* OR septum* OR septal*) NEAR/6 (polypectom* OR turbinoplast* OR turbinectom* OR ’submucosal diatherm*’ OR surg* OR suspension* OR correct* OR resect* OR reduction*)) | 58,845 |
| #1 | ’sleep disordered breathing’/exp OR ’apnea hypopnea index’/exp OR osa:ti,ab,kw OR osas:ti,ab,kw OR osahs:ti,ab,kw OR apnoe*:ti,ab,kw OR apne*:ti,ab,kw OR hypopnea*:ti,ab,kw OR hypopnoe*:ti,ab,kw OR sdb:ti,ab,kw OR ’sleep disordered’:ti,ab,kw OR ‘obesity hypoventilat*’:ti,ab,kw OR ’sleep hypoventilat*’:ti,ab,kw OR ’upper airway resistance syndrom*’:ti,ab,kw | 124,338 |
Table A4.
Cochrane Library.
Table A4.
Cochrane Library.
| No. | Query | Results |
|---|---|---|
| #1 | ((endoscopic sinus NEXT surg*) OR FESS OR septoplast* OR rhinoplast* OR septorhinoplast* OR (septo NEXT rhinoplast*) OR rhinoseptoplast* OR (rhino NEXT septoplast*) OR ((nose* OR nasal* OR intranasal* OR (intra NEXT nasal*) OR turbinate* OR septum* OR septal*) NEAR (polypectom* OR turbinoplast* OR turbinectom* OR (submucosal NEXT diatherm*) OR surg* OR suspension* OR correct* OR resect* OR reduction*))):ti,ab,kw | 4926 |
| #2 | (OSA OR OSAS OR OSAHS OR apnoe* OR apne* OR hypopnea* OR hypopnoe* OR sdb OR “sleep disordered” OR (obesity NEXT hypoventilat*) OR (sleep NEXT hypoventilat*) OR (upper airway resistance NEXT syndrom*)):ti,ab,kw | 11,329 |
| #3 | #1 AND #2 in Cochrane Reviews | 3 |
| #4 | #1 AND #2 in Trials | 125 |
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