“Hard to Say, Hard to Understand, Hard to Live”: Possible Associations between Neurologic Language Impairments and Suicide Risk
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Ref | Neurological Condition | Cases Summary | SI and SB | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
[6] | PPA | 57-year old woman without previous history of depression. No family history of psychiatric disorders or SI/SB. Symptoms started as difficulty in verbal expression while comprehension of both spoken and written language remained intact. Over the next 6 years, her speech output continued to significantly decrease and her comprehension became delayed. She developed her first episode of depression. | SA by running into traffic | Authors highlighted that the patient had a number of protective factors from suicide (including family support, religion, no chronic medical illness apart from hypertension, and no personal or family history of psychiatric disorders or substance use). They postulated that her debilitating language impairment was a sufficiently severe stressor to lead to SA. |
[5] | SD | Patient 1: 63-year old male without personal or family history of mood disorders. No documented current MDD. He presented with progressive difficulty naming objects, loss of comprehension, surface alexia in reading, and prosopagnosia. Patient 2: 62-year old male with a history of depression and SA and possible family history of suicide. He presented with severe impairment on confrontational naming, prominent difficulty with single-word comprehension, surface alexia in reading, and prosopagnosia. He had a diagnosis of semantic dementia. Patient 3: 57-year old female with a lifelong history of depression that worsened with semantic dementia. Her psychiatric history also included periods of hypomania, but no previous SB. No family history of psychiatric disorders. Increased anxiety and depression after semantic dementia diagnosis. She presented with progressive difficulties in word-finding and word-knowing, word generation, and confrontational naming. Prosopagnosia. Patient 4: 60-year old female with a history of depression and SAs. Family history of suicide. Prominent difficulties in word-finding, word-knowing, comprehension, surface alexia, prosopagnosia. Patient 5: 71-year old male, former language teacher, with past and current MDD. No family history of psychiatric diseases. He presented with slowly progressive loss of words, confrontational naming, and inability to understand the meaning of words in different languages. Anomic aphasia. | Patient 1: Recurrent SA, the most recent by drugs abuse Patient 2: Previous and recurrent SA (before the semantic dementia diagnosis). Post semantic dementia diagnosis, intrusive SI and completed suicide by drug overdose. Patient 3: Completed suicide by shooting herself. Patient 4: Prior recurrent SA and current SI with specific plan. Patient 5: A previous SA and current SI with a concrete plan. | Patient 1: The patient stated that he had feelings of hopelessness due to his inability to think because of the loss of words. His impairment preoccupied him to the extent that his conversations were usually focused on his inability. Patient 2: The patient was very distressed and obsessively focused on his loss of words. He stated that he felt “handicapped” by this inability to communicate and comprehend, that this had become a severe burden for his family, and that he wished to die. Patient 3: She had preserved insight and was very distressed; she constantly obsessed over her deficits. Patient 4: She was continually preoccupied by her word loss (“I’m bad with words”) and felt unable to understand what she read (“I have the feeling I won’t live long.”). Patient 5: Authors postulated that in this patient, for whom language competence had been pivotal in his professional life and his feeling of identity, depression was associated with his awareness of language impairment which contributed to his feeling that life was no longer worth living. |
[8] | SD | 63-year old male admitted to hospital with a depressive condition and presenting with severe anomia and difficulties with semantic knowledge. | Recurrent previous SA | The patient complained of a decreased sense of being human due to the realization that he will not be able to do things in the future that he had done in the past, including linguistic functions and reconstructing autobiographical memory, essential for creating a scaffolding for the future self (“loss of the future self“). This caused hopelessness and depression, leading to SA. |
[7] | Severe Wernicke’s aphasia due to ischemic leftperisylvian stroke | 66-year old male. No history of mood disorder. Spontaneous language was fluent but uncommunicative due to continuous phonological and verbal paraphasias (jargonophasia). Severely reduced comprehension of auditory, written and visually presented material, naming, repetition, reading, and writing. Finally, the patient was unable to process any kind of communication, even by gesticulation or pantomime. | Survived SA by shooting but became blind as a result. | Even if post-stroke depression and SI are commonly observed, authors postulated here a link between the severe language impairment and SB. They pointed out the difficulty to administer the neuro-psychiatric standardized scale in patients with Wernicke’s aphasia, and emphasized the importance of clinical behavioral observation. They suggested that for every patient with severe Wernicke’s aphasia suicide risk should be seriously considered and carefully explained to the family. |
[9] | SD | 53-year old male with history of MMD (pre-diagnosis of sematic dementia), although described as non-depressed throughout. He presented with difficulties in single-word semantic comprehension and naming, as well as prosopagnosia. | Previous recurrent SA (during pre-diagnosis MMD and also after diagnosis of semantic dementia). Completed suicide by hanging. | The authors suggested that SB risk was increased in semantic dementia patients, even if depression is absent, and closely related to language impairments and stereotypic behavior characterizingthe semantic dementia. This behavior was considered related to SA made before the onset of semantic dementia. |
Ref | Study Design | Sample | SI and SB | Main Findings |
---|---|---|---|---|
[10] | Cross-sectional, case-control | Inpatients with various clinical diagnoses who made SA (n = 9) vs. non-psychiatric patients (n = 15) | SA | Inpatients who made SA had significantly lower scores in verbal fluency compared to controls. |
[16] | Cross-sectional, case-control | Older inpatients with MDD and history of SA (n = 18) vs older inpatients with MDD without history of SA (n = 29) | History of SA | No differences between the two groups in verbal fluency. |
[12] | Cross sectional, case-control | Patients with MDD and high-lethality (n = 15) or low-lethality (n = 14) SA vs. patients with MDD and no SA (n = 21) | High- and low-lethality SA | MDD patients having made a high-lethality SA had lower letter and category fluency scores than both MDD patients having made a low-lethality SA and MDD patients not having made SA. MDD patients having made a high-lethality SA had lower category fluency scores than MDD patients without SA. MDD patients with history of SA had lower letter and category fluency scores than healthy controls. |
[11] | Cross sectional, case-control | Patients with MDD and history of SA (n = 20) vs. Healthy controls (n = 20) | History of SA | This finding correlated with blunted increase in perfusion in the prefrontal cortex at SPECT, indicating a possible biological reason for reduced drive and loss of initiative in patients with SA. |
[15] | Cross-sectional, case-control | Patients with MDD aged ≥ 65 years with history of SA (n = 20) vs patients with MDD aged ≥ 65 years without history of SA (n = 20) vs. healthy ≥ 65 years controls (n = 20) | History of SA | No significant differences between suicidal and non-suicidal patients with MDD in verbal fluency. Healthy controls had better verbal fluency than suicidal patients with MDD in semantic or phonemic subtest. |
[13] | Cross-sectional, case-control | Medication-free patients with MDD and history of SA (n = 72) vs medication-free patients with MDD without history of SA (n = 80) vs. healthy controls (n = 56) | SI and SB | Patients with MDD had lower verbal fluency scores than healthy controls. When past SA was used as a covariate, no difference was observed. |
[14] | Cross-sectional, case-control | Patients with history of MDD and SA at various stages of illness (n = 80) vs. patients with history of MDD without history of SA at various stages of illness (n = 80) | SI and SB | No significant difference in letter and category fluency between patients with history of MDD and SA and patients with history of MDD without SA. |
[20] | Cross-sectional, case-control | Patients with MDD and SI (n = 31) vs. patients with MDD without SI (n = 36) | SI | NIRS performed during a verbal fluency task; hemodynamic changes in the right DLPFC, OFC, and PFC in patients with MDD with SI were significantly smaller than in those without SI. Hemodynamic changes correlated negatively with the severity of SI in DLPFC, OFC, and PFC among patients with MDD. |
[17] | Cross-sectional, case-control | Euthymic bipolar outpatients with history of non-severe SA (n = 88) vs. euthymic bipolar outpatients with history of severe SA (n = 41) vs. euthymic bipolar outpatients without history of SA (n = 214) | History of SA | Patients with history of severe SA outperformed patients with history of non-severe SA in verbal learning. Suicidal phenotype may be associated with specific cognitive feature, especially considering verbal domain. |
[18] | Cross-sectional, case-control | Patients were violent offenders, grouped into schizophrenia and history of SA (n = 26) vs. schizophrenia without history of SA (n = 35) | History of SA | No differences between the two groups in verbal fluency. |
[19] | Population-based prospective cohort study | 4791 older participants | SI, SA, and completed suicides | Poor performances in verbal fluency increased the risk of SI and SB. |
[21] | Cross-sectional, case control | Young adults with MDD (n = 45) vs. healthy controls (n = 32) | SI | NIRS performed during verbal fluency task revealed hypofunction in left dorsolateral PFC, left ventrolateral PFC, and both orbitofrontal cortices in patients with MDD compared to healthy controls.Decreased oxy-HB changes in left ventrolateral PFC corresponded to greater SI in patients with MDD. NIRS may be useful for evaluating SI risk in young adults with MDD. |
2. Case Presentation
3. Discussion
4. Limitations
5. Practical Implications
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hartlep, N.D.; Ellis, A.L. Rethinking speech and language impairments within fluency-dominated cultures. In American Multicultural Studies: Diversity of Race, Ethnicity, Gender and Sexuality; Pinder, S.O., Ed.; Sage Publications, Inc.: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 411–429. [Google Scholar]
- Costanza, A.; Ambrosetti, J.; Wyss, K.; Bondolfi, G.; Sarasin, F.; Khan, R.A. Prévenir le suicide aux urgences : De la «Théorie Interpersonnelle du Suicide» à la connectedness [Prevention of suicide at Emergency Room: From the “Interpersonal Theory of Suicide” to the connectedness]. Rev. Med. Suisse 2018, 14, 335–338. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Ostertag, L.; Golay, F.; Dorogi, Y.; Brovelli, S.; Bertran, M.; Cromec, I.; Van Der Vaeren, B.; Khan, R.A.; Costanza, A.; Wyss, K.; et al. The implementation and first insights of the French-speaking Swiss programme for monitoring self-harm. Swiss Med. Wkly. 2019, 149, w20016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Costanza, A.; Mazzola, V.; Radomska, M.; Amerio, A.; Aguglia, A.; Prada, P.; Bondolfi, G.; Sarasin, F.; Ambrosetti, J. Who Consult an Adult Psychiatric Emergency Department? Pertinence of Admissions and Opportunities for Telepsychiatry. Medicina 2020, 56, 295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sabodash, V.; Mendez, M.F.; Fong, S.; Hsiao, J.J. Suicidal behavior in dementia: A special risk in semantic dementia. Am. J. Alzheimers Dis. Other Dement. 2013, 28, 592–599. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mahgoub, N.; Avari, J.; Blau, K.; Sibel, K. Suicide Risk-Assessment in Patients with Primary Progressive Aphasia. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2012, 24, E26–E27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carota, A.; Rimoldi, F.; Calabrese, P. Wernicke’s aphasia and attempted suicide. Acta Neurol. Belg. 2016, 116, 659–661. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsiao, J.J.; Kaiser, N.; Fong, S.S.; Mendez, M.F. Suicidal behavior and loss of the future self in semantic dementia. Cogn. Behav. Neurol. 2013, 26, 85–92. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Kobayashi, R.; Hayashi, H.; Tokairin, T.; Kawakatsu, S.; Otani, K. Suicide as a result of stereotypic behaviour in a case with semantic dementia. Psychogeriatrics 2019, 19, 80–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bartfai, A.; Winborg, I.M.; Nordström, P.; Asberg, M. Suicidal behavior and cognitive flexibility: Design and verbal fluency after attempted suicide. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1990, 20, 254–266. [Google Scholar]
- Audenaert, K.; Goethals, I.; Van Laere, K.; Lahorte, P.; Brans, B.; Versijpt, J.; Vervaet, M.; Beelaert, L.; Van Heeringen, K.; Dierckx, R. SPECT neuropsychological activation procedure with the Verbal Fluency Test in attempted suicide patients. Nucl. Med. Commun. 2002, 23, 907–916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keilp, J.G.; Sackeim, H.A.; Brodsky, B.S.; Oquendo, M.A.; Malone, K.M.; Mann, J.J. Neuropsychological dysfunction in depressed suicide attempters. Am. J. Psychiatry 2001, 158, 735–741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keilp, J.G.; Gorlyn, M.; Russell, M.; Oquendo, M.A.; Burke, A.K.; Harkavy-Friedman, J.; Mann, J.J. Neuropsychological function and suicidal behavior: Attention control, memory and executive dysfunction in suicide attempt. Psychol. Med. 2013, 43, 539–551. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Keilp, J.G.; Beers, S.R.; Burke, A.K.; Melhem, N.M.; Oquendo, M.A.; Brent, D.A.; Mann, J.J. Neuropsychological deficits in past suicide attempters with varying levels of depression severity. Psychol. Med. 2014, 44, 2965–2974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Richard-Devantoy, S.; Jollant, F.; Kefi, Z.; Turecki, G.; Olié, J.P.; Annweiler, C.; Beauchet, O.; Le Gall, D. Deficit of cognitive inhibition in depressed elderly: A neurocognitive marker of suicidal risk. J. Affect Disord. 2012, 140, 193–199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- King, D.A.; Conwel, Y.; Cox, C.; Henderson, R.E.; Denning, D.G.; Caine, E.D. A neuropsychological comparison of depressed suicide attempters and nonattempters. J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci. 2000, 12, 64–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Olié, E.; Seyller, M.; Beziat, S.; Loftus, J.; Bellivier, F.; Bougerol, T.; Belzeaux, R.; Azorin, J.M.; Gard, S.; Kahn, J.P.; et al. Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of euthymic bipolar patients having a history of severe suicide attempt. Acta Psychiatr. Scand. 2015, 131, 129–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sánchez-Sansegundo, M.; Portilla-Tamarit, I.; Rubio-Aparicio, M.; Albaladejo-Blazquez, N.; Ruiz-Robledillo, N.; Ferrer-Cascales, R.; Zaragoza-Martí, A. Neurocognitive Functioning and Suicidal Behavior in Violent Offenders with Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. Diagnostics 2020, 10, 1091. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oh, D.J.; Han, J.W.; Bae, J.B.; Kim, T.H.; Kwak, K.P.; Kim, B.J.; Kim, S.G.; Kim, J.L.; Moon, S.W.; Park, J.H.; et al. Executive dysfunction and risk of suicide in older adults: A population-based prospective cohort study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2021, 92, 528–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pu, S.; Nakagome, K.; Yamada, T.; Yokoyama, K.; Matsumura, H.; Yamada, S.; Sugie, T.; Miura, A.; Mitani, H.; Iwata, M.; et al. Suicidal ideation is associated with reduced prefrontal activation during a verbal fluency task in patients with major depressive disorder. J. Affect Disord. 2015, 181, 9–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, Y.J.; Park, S.Y.; Sung, L.Y.; Kim, J.H.; Choi, J.; Oh, K.; Hahn, S.W. Reduced left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex activation during verbal fluency tasks is associated with suicidal ideation severity in medication-naïve young adults with major depressive disorder: A functional near-infrared spectroscopy study. Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging 2021, 312, 111288. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Neuringer, C. Rigid Thinking in Suicidal Individuals. J. Consult. Psychol. 1964, 28, 54–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baertschi, M.; Costanza, A.; Canuto, A.; Weber, K. The Function of Personality in Suicidal Ideation from the Perspective of the Interpersonal-Psychological Theory of Suicide. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 636. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Costanza, A.; Xekardaki, A.; Kövari, E.; Gold, G.; Bouras, C.; Giannakopoulos, P. Microvascular burden and Alzheimer-type lesions across the age spectrum. J. Alzheimers Dis. 2012, 32, 643–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huber, R.S.; Hodgson, R.; Yurgelun-Todd, D.A. A qualitative systematic review of suicide behavior using the cognitive systems domain of the research domain criteria (RDoC) framework. Psychiatry Res. 2019, 282, 112589. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th ed.; American Psychiatric Association Publishing: Washington, DC, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mendez, M.F.; Clark, D.G. Neuropsychiatric aspects of aphasia and related disorders. In The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences; Yudofsky, S.C., Hales, R.E., Eds.; American Psychiatric Association Publishing: Washington, DC, USA, 2008; pp. 519–553. [Google Scholar]
- Costanza, A.; Baertschi, M.; Weber, K.; Canuto, A. Maladies neurologiques et suicide: De la neurobiologie au manque d’espoir [Neurological diseases and suicide: From neurobiology to hopelessness]. Rev. Med. Suisse 2015, 11, 402–405. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Costanza, A.; Amerio, A.; Aguglia, A.; Escelsior, A.; Serafini, G.; Berardelli, I.; Pompili, M.; Amore, M. When Sick Brain and Hopelessness Meet: Some Aspects of Suicidality in the Neurological Patient. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets 2020, 19, 257–263. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanza, A.; Amerio, A.; Radomska, M.; Ambrosetti, J.; Di Marco, S.; Prelati, M.; Aguglia, A.; Serafini, G.; Amore, M.; Bondolfi, G.; et al. Suicidality Assessment of the Elderly with Physical Illness in the Emergency Department. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 558974. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kissane, D.W.; Clarke, D.M.; Street, A.F. Demoralization syndrome—A relevant psychiatric diagnosis for palliative care. J. Palliat. Care 2001, 17, 12–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clarke, D.M.; Kissane, D.W. Demoralization: Its phenomenology and importance. Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry 2002, 36, 733–742. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kissane, D.W.; Wein, S.; Love, A.; Lee, X.Q.; Kee, P.L.; Clarke, D.M. The Demoralization Scale: A report of its development and preliminary validation. J. Palliat. Care 2004, 20, 269–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costanza, A.; Baertschi, M.; Richard-Lepouriel, H.; Weber, K.; Berardelli, I.; Pompili, M.; Canuto, A. Demoralization and Its Relationship with Depression and Hopelessness in Suicidal Patients Attending an Emergency Department. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020, 17, 2232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Costanza, A.; Baertschi, M.; Richard-Lepouriel, H.; Weber, K.; Pompili, M.; Canuto, A. The Presence and the Search Constructs of Meaning in Life in Suicidal Patients Attending a Psychiatric Emergency Department. Front. Psychiatry 2020, 11, 327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Drescher, M. La dimension interactive de l’investissement affectif. In Les Emotions: Cognition, Langage et Développement; Tcherkassof, A., Ed.; Pierre Mardaga: Brussels, Belgium, 2003; pp. 165–172. [Google Scholar]
- Perea, F.; Levivier, M. Nommer/énoncer l’affect. La Lett. De L’enfance Et De L’adolescence 2012, 87, 71–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wildgruber, D.; Ackermann, H.; Kreifelts, B.; Ethofer, T. Cerebral processing of linguistic and emotional prosody: FMRI studies. Prog. Brain Res. 2006, 156, 249–268. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Tao, J.; Tan, T. (Eds.) Affective Information Processing; Springer: London, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villain, M.; Cosin, C.; Glize, B.; Berthoz, S.; Swendsen, J.; Sibon, I.; Mayo, W. Affective Prosody and Depression after Stroke: A Pilot Study. Stroke 2016, 47, 2397–2400. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Perlovsky, L. Language and cognition-joint acquisition, dual hierarchy, and emotional prosody. Front Behav. Neurosci. 2013, 7, 123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Schaefer, A. La contribution de la neuro-imagerie fonctionnelle à l’étude des emotions humaines. In Psychopathologie et Neurosciences: Questions Actuelles de Neuroscinces Cognitives et Affectives; Campanella, S., Streel, E., Eds.; De Booeck University: Brussels, Belgium, 2008; pp. 75–99. [Google Scholar]
- Ross, E.D.; Thompson, R.D.; Yenkosky, J. Lateralization of affective prosody in brain and the callosal integration of hemispheric language functions. Brain Lang. 1997, 56, 27–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ross, E.D.; Orbelo, D.M.; Cartwright, J.; Hansel, S.; Burgard, M.; Testa, J.A.; Buck, R. Affective-prosodyc deficits in schizophrenia: Comparison to schizophrenic symptoms. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2001, 70, 597–604. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pihan, H. Affective and linguistic processing of speech prosody: DC potential studies. Prog. Brain Res. 2006, 156, 269–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ross, E.D.; Monnot, M. Neurology of affective prosody and its functional-anatomic organization in right hemisphere. Brain Lang. 2008, 104, 51–74. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Leung, J.H.; Purdy, S.C.; Tippett, L.J.; Leão, S.H. Affective speech prosody perception and production in stroke patients with left-hemispheric damage and healthy controls. Brain Lang. 2017, 166, 19–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richard-Devantoy, S.; Bertrand, J.A.; Béziat, S.; Jaussent, I.; Cazals, A.; Ducasse, D.; Greenway, K.T.; Guillaume, S.; Courtet, P.; Olié, E. Psychological pain and depression: It’s hard to speak when it hurts. Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pr. 2021, 25, 180–186. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shneidman, E.S. Suicide as psychache. J. Nerv. Ment. Dis. 1993, 181, 145–147. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Verrocchio, M.C.; Carrozzino, D.; Marchetti, D.; Andreasson, K.; Fulcheri, M.; Bech, P. Mental Pain and Suicide: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Front. Psychiatry 2016, 7, 108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Miller, G.; Happell, B. Talking about hope: The use of participant photography. Issues Ment. Health Nurs. 2006, 27, 1051–1065. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, K.; Worrall, L.; Davidson, B.; Howe, T. Snapshots of success: An insider perspective on living successfully with aphasia. Aphasiology 2010, 24, 1267–1295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pompili, M.; Venturini, P.; Campi, S.; Seretti, M.E.; Montebovi, F.; Lamis, D.A.; Serafini, G.; Amore, M.; Girardi, P. Do stroke patients have an increased risk of developing suicidal ideation or dying by suicide? An overview of the current literature. CNS Neurosci. 2012, 18, 711–721. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bartoli, F.; Pompili, M.; Lillia, N.; Crocamo, C.; Salemi, G.; Clerici, M.; Carrà, G. Rates and correlates of suicidal ideation among stroke survivors: A meta-analysis. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 2017, 88, 498–504. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pompili, M.; Venturini, P.; Lamis, D.A.; Giordano, G.; Serafini, G.; Belvederi Murri, M.; Amore, M.; Girardi, P. Suicide in stroke survivors: Epidemiology and prevention. Drugs Aging 2015, 32, 21–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Serafini, G.; Calcagno, P.; Lester, D.; Girardi, P.; Amore, M.; Pompili, M. Suicide risk in Alzheimer’s disease: A systematic review. Curr. Alzheimer Res. 2016, 13, 1083–1099. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pedersen, P.M.; Jørgensen, H.S.; Nakayama, H.; Raaschou, H.O.; Olsen, T.S. Aphasia in acute stroke: Incidence, determinants, and recovery. Ann. Neurol. 1995, 38, 659–666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haw, C.; Harwood, D.; Hawton, K. Dementia and suicidal behavior: A review of the literature. Int. Psychogeriatr. 2009, 21, 440–453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Purandare, N.; Voshaar, R.C.; Rodway, C.; Bickley, H.; Burns, A.; Kapur, N. Suicide in dementia: 9-year national clinical survey in England and Wales. Br. J. Psychiatry 2009, 194, 175–180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Leyton, C.E.; Hillis, A.E. Affective prosody in frontotemporal dementia. Neurology 2017, 89, 644–645. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Norman, H.; Marzano, L.; Oskis, A.; Coulson, M. “I can’t describe it and they can’t see the rain.” An interpretative phenomenological analysis of the experience of self-harm in young adults who report difficulties identifying and describing their feelings. Curr. Psychol. 2021. Epub ahead of print. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. |
© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Costanza, A.; Amerio, A.; Aguglia, A.; Magnani, L.; Serafini, G.; Amore, M.; Merli, R.; Ambrosetti, J.; Bondolfi, G.; Marzano, L.; et al. “Hard to Say, Hard to Understand, Hard to Live”: Possible Associations between Neurologic Language Impairments and Suicide Risk. Brain Sci. 2021, 11, 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121594
Costanza A, Amerio A, Aguglia A, Magnani L, Serafini G, Amore M, Merli R, Ambrosetti J, Bondolfi G, Marzano L, et al. “Hard to Say, Hard to Understand, Hard to Live”: Possible Associations between Neurologic Language Impairments and Suicide Risk. Brain Sciences. 2021; 11(12):1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121594
Chicago/Turabian StyleCostanza, Alessandra, Andrea Amerio, Andrea Aguglia, Luca Magnani, Gianluca Serafini, Mario Amore, Roberto Merli, Julia Ambrosetti, Guido Bondolfi, Lisa Marzano, and et al. 2021. "“Hard to Say, Hard to Understand, Hard to Live”: Possible Associations between Neurologic Language Impairments and Suicide Risk" Brain Sciences 11, no. 12: 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121594
APA StyleCostanza, A., Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Magnani, L., Serafini, G., Amore, M., Merli, R., Ambrosetti, J., Bondolfi, G., Marzano, L., & Berardelli, I. (2021). “Hard to Say, Hard to Understand, Hard to Live”: Possible Associations between Neurologic Language Impairments and Suicide Risk. Brain Sciences, 11(12), 1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11121594