Assessment and Screening of the Risk Factors in Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Section
2.1. Design Overview
2.2. Definition of MetS
- (1)
- Abdominal obesity: Waist circumference (WC) ≥102 cm (>40 in) in men or ≥88 cm (>35 in) in women;
- (2)
- Serum Triglycerides (TGs): ≥150 mg/dL (≥1.7 mmol/L);
- (3)
- High Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol (HDL-C): <40 mg/dL (<1.03 mmol/L) in men or <50 mg/dL (<1.29 mmol/L) in women;
- (4)
- Fasting blood glucose (FBG) level: ≥100 mg/dL (≥5.6 mmol/L);
- (5)
- Blood pressure (BP): ≥130/85 mmHg.
2.3. Survey Questionnaires
2.4. Clinical and Biochemical Measurements
3. Results
Category | Frequency, N (%) | Metabolic syndrome | χ2 value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (61) | No (290) | |||
Age (years) | ||||
20–35 | 13 (3.71) | 00 (0.00) | 13 (4.49) | 5.42 (<0.05) |
36–50 | 80 (22.80) | 08 (13.12) | 72 (24.83) | |
51–65 | 137 (39.04) | 29 (47.55) | 108 (37.25) | |
>65 | 121 (34.48) | 24 (39.35) | 97 (33.45) | |
Gender | ||||
Males | 174 (49.58) | 26 (42.63) | 148 (51.04) | 1.43 |
Females | 177 (50.43) | 35 (57.38) | 142 (48.97) | |
Education | ||||
No/Little | 108 (30.77) | 24 (39.35) | 84 (40.20) | 3.73 |
Primary | 106 (30.20) | 18 (29.51) | 88 (30.35) | |
Secondary | 121 (34.48) | 18 (29.51) | 103 (35.52) | |
Graduation | 16 (4.56) | 01 (1.64) | 15 (5.18) | |
Socio economic status | ||||
Middle | 223 (63.54) | 43 (70.50) | 180 (62.07) | 1.56 |
Upper | 128 (36.47) | 18 (29.51) | 110 (37.94) | |
Occupation | ||||
Unemployed | 250 (71.23) | 50 (81.97) | 200 (68.97) | 4.18 (<0.05) |
Employed | 101 (28.78) | 11 (18.04) | 90 (31.04) |
Category | Frequency, N (%) | Metabolic syndrome | χ2 value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (61) | No (290) | |||
Body Mass Index | ||||
Normal | 57 (16.24) | 16.40 (10) | 16.21 (47) | 53.91 (<0.001) |
Overweight | 107 (30.49) | 15 (24.60) | 92 (31.73) | |
Obese | 187 (53.28) | 36 (59.02) | 15 (52.07) | |
Family history | ||||
Positive | 117 (33.34) | 26 (42.63) | 91 (31.38) | 2.89 |
Negative | 234 (66.67) | 35 (57.38) | 199 (68.63) | |
Physical activity | ||||
Adequate | 122 (34.76) | 17 (27.87) | 105 (36.21) | 1.57 |
In adequate | 229 (65.25) | 44 (72.14) | 185 (63.80) | |
Dietary habits | ||||
Vegetarians | 212 (60.40) | 32 (52.46) | 180 (62.07) | 1.96 |
Omnivores | 139 (39.61) | 29 (47.55) | 110 (37.94) | |
Stress levels | ||||
Significant | 159 (35.33) | 48 (78.69) | 111 (38.28) | 6.36 (<0.05) |
Insignificant | 192 (64.68) | 13 (21.14) | 179 (61.73) | |
Sleep | ||||
Adequate | 255 (72.65) | 43 (70.50) | 212 (73.11) | 0.19 |
Inadequate | 96 (27.36) | 18 (29.51) | 78 (26.90) | |
Alcohol | ||||
Yes | 128 (36.47) | 17 (27.86) | 111 (38.28) | 2.36 |
No | 223 (63.54) | 44 (72.14) | 179 (61.73) | |
Smoking | ||||
Current | 12 (3.42) | 12 (19.68) | 00 (0.00) | 0.54 |
Ex/Never | 339 (96.59) | 49 (80.33) | 290 (100.00) |
Category | Frequency, N (%) | Metabolic syndrome | χ2 value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (61) | No (290) | ||||
Hypertension | |||||
Normal | 48.44 (170) | 1.64 (01) | 62.07 (180) | 73.69 (<0.001) | |
Diseased | 98.37(60) | 37.94 (110) | |||
Dyslipidemia | |||||
Normal | 27.93 (98) | 22.96 (14) | 82.42 (239) | 88.51 (<0.001) | |
Diseased | 47 (77.05) | 51 (17.59) | |||
Dysglycemia | |||||
Normal | 85 (24.22) | 15 (24.60) | 251 (86.56) | 105.36 (<0.001) | |
Diseased | 46 (75.41) | 39 (13.45) | |||
Obesity | |||||
Normal | 83 (23.65) | 25 (40.99) | 243 (83.80) | 51.16 (<0.001) | |
Diseased | 36 (59.02) | 47 (16.21) |
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Kaur, J. Assessment and Screening of the Risk Factors in Metabolic Syndrome. Med. Sci. 2014, 2, 140-152. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci2030140
Kaur J. Assessment and Screening of the Risk Factors in Metabolic Syndrome. Medical Sciences. 2014; 2(3):140-152. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci2030140
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaur, Jaspinder. 2014. "Assessment and Screening of the Risk Factors in Metabolic Syndrome" Medical Sciences 2, no. 3: 140-152. https://doi.org/10.3390/medsci2030140