Can International Human Rights Law Help Restore Access to Justice for Disabled Workers?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- What has been the impact of tribunal fees, and other potential barriers to justice, on whether and how disabled workers have enforced their rights under equality and employment laws?
- How if at all have restrictions on access to employment justice influenced employer behaviour towards disabled workers?
- Have restrictions on access to justice for disabled workers entailed breaches of UK, EU, and/or international law?
- How can legal and campaign action together help improve access to justice?
2. Methods
2.1. A Pragmatic, and Exploratory, Qualitative Study
2.2. Data Collection and Analysis
- Two online qualitative surveys. These surveys asked disabled individuals principally open-ended questions about their work-related experiences, including, for example, “What has been your experience of taking...legal action?” The first survey was conducted between April and June 2015; and the second between June and September 2015, with the findings from the first survey having suggested topics to explore in the second. The surveys were publicised with help from the UK campaign Disabled People against Cuts and links to the surveys were posted on organisational websites and extensively tweeted (see Appendix 1). 154 individuals responded to the first survey and 158 to the second. Where respondents gave email addresses, it was clear that some had responded to both surveys; and it was estimated that a total of around 265 individuals responded to the first and/or the second survey. A short extract from the second survey is shown at Appendix 2.
- Follow-up email information and in-depth telephone interviews. The surveys asked respondents to indicate if it would be OK to email them follow-up questions and around a third indicated that it would be. This provided an opportunity to seek clarification of answers and further details about experiences referred to. All those who emailed the author additional information, and referred to tribunals, were asked whether they would be prepared to be interviewed on the phone. Twenty five agreed to be interviewed and 11 in-depth semi-structured telephone interviews had been conducted at the time of writing.
3. Findings in the Context of the Existing Literature
3.1. The Impact of Law on Practice
3.2. Pre/No Legal Claim Actions
3.3. Submitting a Claim
3.4. The New Requirement to Pay Tribunal Fees
3.5. Fighting the Case
4. Findings in the Context of the Legal Environment
4.1. The Equality Act 2010 Public Sector Equality Duty (PSED)
4.2. The European Union Principle of Effectiveness
4.3. Indirect Discrimination
4.4. United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UN CRPD)
5. Conclusions and Discussion
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
DDA | Disability Discrimination Act 1995 |
EqA | Equality Act 2010 |
PSED | Public Sector Equality Duty |
UNCRPD | United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |
Appendix 1
Name of Organisation | Link to Website, Facebook Page, or Tweet |
---|---|
Bakers Food and Allied Workers Union | http://www.bfawu.org/dpac_launches_survey_into_reasonable_adjustments_for_disabled_workers |
Black Triangle Campaign | http://blacktrianglecampaign.org |
Breakthrough UK | http://www.breakthrough-uk.co.uk |
British Association for Supported Employment | http://base-uk.org/ |
Disabled Living Foundation | https://twitter.com/DLFUK |
Disabled People Against Cuts | http://dpac.uk.net/ |
Ehlers-Danlos Support UK | https://www.facebook.com/EhlersDanlosUK/posts/10155456255180414 |
Legal Action Group | https://twitter.com/LegalActionGrp?cn=cmV0d2VldF9tZW50aW9uZWRfdXNlcg%3D%3D&refsrc=em |
Sense | https://twitter.com/sensetweets/status/644083632370487296 |
SEN RT | https://twitter.com/rt_sen |
Trade Union Congress | https://www.tuc.org.uk/equality-issues/disability-issues/campaigning-disability-equality/impact-uk-coalition-government |
Appendix 2
Why Were Reasonable Adjustments Made for You?
- What reasonable adjustments have been made for you by an employer (you worked for or applied for a job with) and when were these adjustments made?
- What factors do you think contributed to the adjustment(s) being made? For example,
- (a)
- Who suggested an adjustment? Was it you or someone else?
- (b)
- Who supported the request for an adjustment; who, if any one, opposed the request; and what form did any support or opposition take?
- (c)
- Was an adjustment considered inexpensive and/or was it considered essential to you doing your job?
- (d)
- Did you have to fight for an adjustment; and, if so, what did this involve?
- (e)
- Did your organisation have a central fund to pay for reasonable adjustments?
- Did the fact that there is a legal duty to make reasonable adjustments seem to contribute to you getting an adjustment, and, if so, how?”
References and Notes
- John Hills, Mike Brewer, Stephen Jenkins, Ruth Lister, Ruth Lupton, Stephen Machin, Colin Mills, Tariq Modood, Teresa Rees, and Sheila Riddell. “An Anatomy of Economic Inequality in the UK: Report of the National Equality Panel.” Government Equalities Office. 2010. Available online: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/28344/1/CASEreport60.pdf (accessed on 10 June 2015).
- Nick Coleman, Wendy Sykes, and Carola Groom. “Barriers to Employment and Unfair Treatment at Work: A Quantitative Analysis of Disabled People’s Experiences.” Equality and Human Rights Commission. 2013. Available online: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/documents/barriers_and_unfair_treatment_final.pdf (accessed on 5 April 2014).
- Ralph Fevre, Amanda Robinson, Duncan Lewis, and Trevor Jones. “The Ill-treatment of Employees with Disabilities in British Workplaces.” Work, Employment and Society 27 (2013): 288–307. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- John Horton, and Faith Tucker. “Disabilities in Academic Workplaces: Experiences of Human and Physical Geographers.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 39 (2014): 76–89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sara Dewson, Ceri Williams, Jane Aston, Emanuela Carta, Rebecca Willison, and Rose Martin. “Organisations’ Responses to the Disability Discrimination Act: 2009 Study.” 2010. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/214456/rrep685.pdf (accessed on 20 March 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Deborah Foster, and Victoria Wass. “Disability in the Labour Market: An Exploration of Concepts of the Ideal Worker and Organisational Fit that Disadvantage Employees with Impairments.” Sociology 47 (2012): 705–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kelly Williams-Whitt. “Impediments to Disability Accommodation.” Relations Industrielles, Industrial Relations 62 (2007): 405–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Claire Simm, Jane Aston, Ceri Williams, Darcy Hill, Anne Bellis, and Nigel Meager. “Organisations’ Responses to the Disability Discrimination Act.” 2007, Available online: http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130128102031 http://research.dwp.gov.uk/asd/asd5/rports2007-2008/rrep410.pdf; (accessed on 20 March 2015). [Google Scholar]
- R (on the application of Unison (No.2)) v The Lord Chancellor and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (intervening) [2014] EWHC 4198 (Admin) ("Unison 2").
- Eleanor Kirk, Morag McDermont, and Nicole Busby. “Employment Tribunal Claims: Debunking the Myths.” 2015. Available online: http://www.bris.ac.uk/media-library/sites/policybristol/documents/employment_tribunal_claims.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2015).
- Helen Anthony, and Charlotte Crilly. “Equality, Human Rights and Access to Civil Law Justice: A Literature Review.” 2015. Available online: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/sites/default/files/publication_pdf/Equality%20human%20rights%20and%20access%20to%20civil%20law%20justice_0.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2015).
- Emily Rose, Lauren Wood, and Eleanor Kirk. “The Impact of Employment Tribunal Fees: A Perspective from Citizens Advice Advisers in Scotland.” 2015. Available online: http://www.cas.org.uk/system/files/publications/The%20Price%20of%20Justice%20final%20with%20cover%20and%20back.pdf (accessed on 3 December 2015).
- David Mangan. “Employment Tribunal Reforms to Boost the Economy.” Industrial Law Journal 42 (2013): 409–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MOJ (Ministry of Justice). “Tribunal Statistics Tables—April to June 2014.” In MOJ; 2014. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/tribunal-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2014 (accessed on 15 November 2015). [Google Scholar]
- TUC (Trade Union Congress). “At What Price Justice? The Impact of Employment Tribunal Fees.” TUC. 2014. Available online: https://www.tuc.org.uk/sites/default/files/TUC_Report_At_what_price_justice.pdf (accessed on 20 March 2015).
- R (on the application of Unison) v the Lord Chancellor and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (intervening) [2014] EWHC 218 (Admin) ("Unison 1").
- R (on the application of Unison) v The Lord Chancellor and the Equality and Human Rights Commission (intervening) [2015] EWCA Civ 935.
- UK House of Commons Justice Committee. “Court and Tribunal Fees and Charges Inquiry.” 2015. Available online: http://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/justice-committee/news-parliament-20151/courts-tribunals-fees-charges-inquiry/ (accessed on 5 January 2016).
- Joseph Maxwell. “Using Qualitative Methods for Causal Explanation.” Field Methods 16 (2004): 243–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Malcolm Williams. “Interpretivism and Generalisation.” Sociology 34 (2000): 209–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- John Fairweather, and Tiffany Rinne. “Clarifying a Basis for Qualitative Generalization Using Approaches That Identify Shared Culture.” Qualitative Research 12 (2012): 473–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anselm Strauss, and Juliet Corbin. Basics of Qualitative Research—Grounded Theory Procedures and Techniques. London: Sage, 1990. [Google Scholar]
- Nicola K. Gale, Gemma Heath, Elaine Cameron, Sabina Rashid, and Sabi Redwood. “Using the Framework Method for the Analysis of Qualitative Data in Multi-disciplinary Health Research.” BMC Medical Research Methodology 13 (2013): 1–8. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jeasik Cho, and Allen Trent. “Validity in Qualitative Research Revisited.” Qualitative Research 6 (2006): 319–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- MOJ (Ministry of Justice). “Review of the Introduction of Employment Tribunal Fees: Terms of Reference.” In MOJ; 2015. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/434207/tor-employment-tribunal-fees.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Anna Pollert, and Andy Charlwood. “The Vulnerable Worker in Britain and Problems at Work.” Work, Employment and Society 23 (2009): 343–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deborah Foster, and Patricia Fosh. “Negotiating ‘Difference’: Representing Disabled Employees in the British Workplace.” British Journal of Industrial Relations 48 (2010): 560–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alan Bogg, and Keith D. Ewing. “The Implications of the RMT Case.” Industrial Law Journal 43 (2014): 221–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- BIS (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills). “Trade Union Membership 2014: Statistical Bulletin.” In BIS; 2015. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/431564/Trade_Union_Membership_Statistics_2014.pdf (accessed on 14 December 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Andy Charlwood, and Anna Pollert. “Informal Employment Dispute Resolution among Low-Wage Non-Union Workers: Does Managerially Initiated Workplace Voice Enhance Equity and Efficiency? ” British Journal of Industrial Relations 52 (2014): 359–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rupert Harwood. “’The Dying of the Light’: The Impact of the Spending Cuts, and Cuts to Employment Law Protections, on Disability Adjustments in British Local Authorities.” Disability and Society 29 (2014): 1511–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vincent Cable. “Reforming Employment Relations.” In Speech to the Engineering Employers’ Federation; London, UK, 23 November 2011. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/reforming-employment-relations (accessed on 14 December 2015). [Google Scholar]
- MOJ (Ministry of Justice). “Tribunal Statistics Quarterly Tables—April to June 2013.” In MOJ; 2013. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/tribunal-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2013 (accessed on 20 March 2015). [Google Scholar]
- DWP (Department for Work and Pensions). “Fulfilling Potential—Outcomes and Indicators Framework Progress Report.” In DWP; 2014. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/348867/Fulfilling_Potential_Outcomes_and_Indicators_Framework_Progress_Report_2014.pdf (accessed on 14 December 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Jill Edwards, and Kathy Boxall. “Adults with Cystic Fibrosis and Barriers to Employment.” Disability and Society 25 (2010): 441–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Keith D. Ewing, and John Hendy. “Unfair Dismissal Law Changes—Unfair? ” Industrial Law Journal 41 (2012): 115–21. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jane Holgate, Anna Pollert, Janroj Keles, and Leena Kumarappan. “De-Collectivisation and Employment Problems: The Experiences of Minority Ethnic Workers Seeking Help through Citizens Advice.” Work, Employment and Society 26 (2012): 772–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicole Busby, and Morag McDermont. “Workers, Marginalised Voices and the Employment Tribunal System: Some Preliminary Findings.” Industrial Law Journal 41 (2012): 166–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carrie Harding, Shadi Ghezelayagh, Amy Busby, and Nick Coleman. “Findings from the Survey of Employment Tribunal Applications 2013.” 2014. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/316704/bis-14-708-survey-of-employment-tribunal-applications-2013.pdf (accessed on 20 November 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Law Centres Network. “Law Centres Network—Written Evidence (EQD0135) (to the House of Lords Equality Act 2010 and Disability Committee).” 2015. Available online: http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/equality-act-2010-and-disability-committee/equality-act-2010-and-disability/written/20891.pdf (accessed on 20 December 2015).
- Michelle O’Sullivan, Thomas Turner, Mahon Kennedy, and Joseph Wallace. “Is Individual Employment Law Displacing the Role of Trade Unions? ” Industrial Law Journal 44 (2015): 222–45. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- David Mangan. “No longer. Not Yet. The Promise of Labour Law.” King's Law Journal 26 (2015): 129–50. [Google Scholar]
- MOJ (Ministry of Justice). “Charging Fees in Employment Tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal (Consultation Paper CP22/2011).” 2011. Available online: https://consult.justice.gov.uk/digital-communications/et-fee-charging-regime-cp22-2011/supporting_documents/chargingfeesinetandeat1.pdf (accessed on 20 November 2015). [Google Scholar]
- MOJ (Ministry of Justice). “Charging Fees in Employment Tribunals and the Employment Appeal Tribunal: Government Response—Equality Impact Assessment.” In MOJ; 2012. Available online: https://consult.justice.gov.uk/digital-communications/et-fee-charging-regime-cp22–2011/results/et-fees-response-eia.pdf (accessed on 20 March 2015). [Google Scholar]
- BIS (Department for Business, Innovation and Skills), and Tribunals Service. “Resolving Workplace Disputes: A Consultation.” In BIS; 2011. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/31435/11-511-resolving-workplace-disputes-consultation.pdf (accessed on 20 March 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Equality and Human Rights Commission. “Equality and Human Rights Commission—Written Evidence (to the House of Commons Justice Committee).” House of Commons. 2015. Available online: http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/justice-committee/courts-and-tribunals-fees-and-charges/written/22872.pdf (accessed on 4 January 2016).
- Mark Bell. “Mental Health at Work and the Duty to Make Reasonable Adjustments.” Industrial Law Journal 44 (2015): 194–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarah Leverton. Monitoring the Disability Discrimination Act 1995 (Phase 2). London: Equality Commission for Northern Ireland/Disability Rights Commission, 2002. [Google Scholar]
- Bob Hepple. “Back to the Future: Employment Law under the Coalition Government.” Industrial Law Journal 42 (2013): 203–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- J. Hurstfield, Nigel Meager, J. Aston, J. Davies, K. Mann, H. Mitchell, Siobhan O’Regan, and A. Sinclair. “Monitoring the Disability Discrimination Act (DDA) 1995.” 2004. Available online: http://disability-studies.leeds.ac.uk/files/library/hurstfield-Final-pdf.pdf (accessed on 24 December 2015).
- Sandra Fredman. “Addressing Disparate Impact: Indirect Discrimination and the Public Sector Equality Duty.” Industrial Law Journal 43 (2014): 349–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aileen McColgan. “Litigating the Public Sector Equality Duty: The Story So Far.” Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, 2015, 1–33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nicole Busby. “Challenging Employment Tribunal Fees: R (Unison) v Lord Chancellor and Another (No 2).” The Edinburgh Law Review 19 (2015): 254–59. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- BIS (Department for Business Innovation and Skills). “Findings from the Survey of Employment Tribunal Applications 2013.” In BIS; 2014. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/316704/bis-14-708-survey-of-employment-tribunal-applications-2013.pdf (accessed on 20 November 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Sarah Fraser Butlin. “The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Does the Equality Act 2010 Measure up to UK International Commitments? ” Industrial Law Journal 40 (2011): 428–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peter Bartlett. “The United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and Mental Health Law.” The Modern Law Review 75 (2012): 752–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paul Harpur. “Embracing the New Disability Rights Paradigm: The Importance of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.” Disability and Society 27 (2012): 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jennifer W. Reiss. “Innovative Governance in a Federal Europe: Implementing the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.” European Law Journal 20 (2014): 107–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anna Lawson, and Mark Priestley. “Potential, Principle and Pragmatism in Concurrent Multinational Monitoring: Disability Rights in the European Union.” International Journal of Human Rights 17 (2013): 739–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jackie Lane, and Natalie Videbaek Munkholm. “Danish and British Protection from Disability Discrimination at Work—Past, Present and Future.” International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 31 (2015): 91–112. [Google Scholar]
- Colin Barnes, and Geof Mercer. Exploring Disability. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. “Communication No. 5/2011: Views Adopted by the Committee at its Twelth Session. CRPD/C/12/D/5/2011.” 2011. Available online: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/Jurisprudence.aspx (accessed on 4 November 2015).
- Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. “Communication No 21/2014: Views Adopted by the Committee at its Fourteenth Session. CRPD/C/14/D/21/2014.” 2014. Available online: http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/CRPD/Pages/Jurisprudence.aspx (accessed on 4 November 2015).
- Gregor Maucec. “Tackling Disability-based Discrimination in International and European Law.” International Journal of Discrimination and the Law 13 (2013): 34–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Maria M. S. Carmona, Olivier De Schutter, and Raquel Rolnik. Letter from the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights to Karen Pierce, UK Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the UN, 20 May 2014.
- Karen Pierce. Letter from Karen Pierce, UK Ambassador and Permanent Representative to the UN, to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 10 July 2014.
- The Conservative Party. “The Conservative Party Manifesto 2015.” 2015. Available online: https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/manifesto2015/ConservativeManifesto2015.pdf (accessed 20 November 2015).
- Matt Dathan. “David Cameron Refuses to Rule out Quitting the European Convention on Human Rights.” Independent. 3 June 2015. Available online: http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/david-cameron-refuses-to-rule-out-quitting-the-european-convention-on-human-rights-10294385.html (accessed on 15 January 2016).
- Robert Mendick. “Human Rights Act Has Helped 28 Terrorists to Stay in UK.” Telegraph. 31 January 2015. Available online: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/terrorism-in-the-uk/11381944/Human-Rights-Act-has-helped-28-terrorists-to-stay-in-UK.html (accessed on 15 January 2016).
- Jack Doyle. “Now UN Sparks Fury after Launching Human Rights Investigation into Britain’s Disability Benefit Reforms.” Dailymail.co.uk. 27 August 2014. Available online: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2735958/UN-sparks-fury-launching-human-rights-investigation-Britain-s-treatment-disabled.html (accessed on 5 January 2015).
- Denise Currie, and Paul Teague. “Economic Citizenship and Workplace Conflict in Anglo-American Industrial Relations Systems.” British Journal of Industrial Relations, 2015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bob Hepple. “Enforcing Equality Law: Two Steps Forward and Two Steps Backwards for Reflexive Regulation.” Industrial Law Journal 40 (2011): 315–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Productivity Commission. “Workplace Relations Framework: Productivity Commission Inquiry Report, Volume 1.” 2015. Available online: http://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/workplace-relations/report/workplace-relations-volume1.pdf (accessed on 23 December 2015). [Google Scholar]
- DEL (Department for Employment and Learning). “Developing Modern, Efficient, and Effective Employment Tribunals.” In DEL; 2015. Available online: https://www.delni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/consultations/del/employment-tribunals-consultation-june-2015.pdf (accessed on 10 December 2015). [Google Scholar]
- Workplace Relations. “Labour Court.” 2015. Available online: https://www.workplacerelations.ie/en/WR_Bodies/Labour_Court/ (accessed on 10 December 2015).
- The Scottish Government. “A Stronger Scotland: The Government’s Programme for Scotland 2015–16.” 2015. Available online: http://www.gov.scot/Resource/0048/00484439.pdf (accessed on 29 January 2016). [Google Scholar]
- Trial Lawyers Association of British Columbia v British Columbia (Attorney-General) [2014] SCC 59.
- Steven Rares. “Is Access to Justice a Right or a Service? ” 2015. Available online: http://www.civiljustice.info/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1038&context=access (accessed on 20 December 2015).
- Esther Addley, Owen Boycott, David Crouch, and Jessica Elgot. “Julian Assange: ‘Sweet’ Victory Soured by British and Swedish Rejection.” 5 February 2016. Available online: http://www.theguardian.com/media/2016/feb/05/julian-assange-sweet-victory-soured-by-british-and-swedish-rejection (accessed on 28 January 2016).
- Charles Falconer, and Willy Bach. “The Lack of Access to Justice is a National Disgrace.” 16 January 2016. Available online: http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/jan/16/legal-aid-review-lack-of-access-to-justice (accessed on 28 January 2016).
- Anonymous, and (Unison, London). Personal communication, 2016.
Adapted from data from the Office for National Statistics, Table 1.2 [14], licensed under the Open Government License v.3.0. | Change Q1 of 2013/14 to Q1 of 2014/15 |
---|---|
Change in total employment tribunal claims accepted | −81% |
Change in disability discrimination claims accepted | −63% |
© 2016 by the author; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons by Attribution (CC-BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Harwood, R. Can International Human Rights Law Help Restore Access to Justice for Disabled Workers? Laws 2016, 5, 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws5020017
Harwood R. Can International Human Rights Law Help Restore Access to Justice for Disabled Workers? Laws. 2016; 5(2):17. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws5020017
Chicago/Turabian StyleHarwood, Rupert. 2016. "Can International Human Rights Law Help Restore Access to Justice for Disabled Workers?" Laws 5, no. 2: 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws5020017
APA StyleHarwood, R. (2016). Can International Human Rights Law Help Restore Access to Justice for Disabled Workers? Laws, 5(2), 17. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws5020017