Personality Development and Behavior in Adolescence: Characteristics and Dimensions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Theoretical Considerations
2. Material and Methods
I have the following qualities: | |||||
Persistence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Honesty | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Responsibility | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Senseofhumor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Self-criticism | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Diligence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Discipline | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Sociability | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Confidence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Respectfulofelders | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Organized | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Independence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Inquisitiveness | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Originalthinking | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Optimism | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Politeness | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Criticality | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
I would like to have the following qualities: | |||||
Persistence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Honesty | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Responsibility | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Senseofhumor | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Self-criticism | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Diligence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Discipline | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Sociability | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Confidence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Respectfulofelders | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Organized | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Independence | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Inquisitiveness | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Originalthinking | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Optimism | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Politeness | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
Criticality | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
3. Results
3.1. The Self-Concept of Personality
3.2. Family and the Life World of Adolescents
- A total 83.3% of the persons gave a score of “5”, they estimate that their parents have the greatest influence on their personal development and qualities. By ethnicity, this percentage is distributed as follows: 93.8% (Bulgarians), 81.4% (Turks), and 65.7% (Roma).
- In total, 7.4% of the adolescents gave a score of “4”, which means that their parents have a great influence on the development of their personal qualities.
- A total 5.6% of the students rated “3”, which refers to “moderate” parental influence.
- Only 3.7% gave a score of “2”, meaning “weak” parental influence.
- A score of “1”, indicating a lack of parental influence, was not indicated by the adolescents.
- -
- The activity most common for the whole sample was “watching TV”, indicated by 81.5% of individuals.
- -
- Within the Bulgarian ethnic group, almost equally with large accumulations are the following activities in the family: “watching TV” (95.4%), “discussing different topics” (96.9%), and “family games” (96.2%).
- -
- In the remaining two ethnic groups, the largest accumulations are in “doing household activities”: for the Turkish community—92.9% and for the Roma community—75.7%. This refers to various activities related to agriculture, which are part of the household, widespread among Turks, or “garbage collection”, typical of Roma communities. Caring for younger siblings as well as elderly relatives is also part of the family responsibilities of children in Roma and Turkish families due to their large families.
4. Discussion
- -
- Two qualities that are ranked lower in the field of Self-real move to higher positions in the field of Self-ideal: “organized” (from 11 to 5) and “sociability” (from 8 to 4). These qualities show a desire for personal development and self-affirmation among peers.
- -
- The ranks of another group of qualities move downward in the area of Self-ideal: “persistence” (from rank 1 to rank 6) and “sense of humor” (from 4 to 7).
- -
- For a third set of qualities, no significant changes are observed across the areas of Self-real and Self-ideal. Their rankings either do not change at all—“self-criticism” (17), “optimism” (15), “politeness” (16), and “honesty” (2), or change insignificantly (by one or two positions)—“original thinking” (from 14 to 12), “inquisitiveness” (from 13 to 14), “independence” (from 12 to 13), “confidence” (from 9 to 10), “discipline” (from 7 to 9), “diligence” (from 6 to 8), and “respectful of elders” (from 10 to 11).
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- 1.
- Do you like going to school? (Indicate one answer)
- (a)
- Yes
- (b)
- Sometimes
- (c)
- No
- 2.
- Do you understand the study material being taught? (Indicate one answer)
- (a)
- Yes, totally
- (b)
- Yes, but I have a little difficulty in some subjects
- (c)
- Yes, but I have serious difficulties in most subjects
- (d)
- I do not understand the study material
- (e)
- Other (Please write)
- 3.
- When you have learning difficulties, what do you do? (Indicate as many answers as you want)
- (a)
- I ask the teacher to explain
- (b)
- I ask a classmate
- (c)
- I rely on my parents to help me
- (d)
- I go to private lessons
- (e)
- I don’t do anything
- 4.
- Do you have favorite subjects?
- (a)
- Yes, (Please write)
- (b)
- No
- 5.
- Do you go to school regularly? (Indicate one answer)
- (a)
- Yes
- (b)
- Sometimes
- (c)
- No
- 6.
- For what reasons are you most often absent from school? (Indicate as many answers as you want)
- (a)
- Healthy reasons
- (b)
- Family reasons
- (c)
- I don’t like going to school
- (d)
- Economically reasons
- (e)
- Something else (please write)
- 7.
- Do your parents help you prepare for school? (Indicate one answer)
- (a)
- Yes, very often
- (b)
- Yes, occasionally
- (c)
- No
- 8.
- What do you do in your spare time? (Indicate as many answers as you want)
- (a)
- I do sports
- (b)
- I play computer games
- (c)
- Meet with friends
- (d)
- I help my parents
- (e)
- Something else (please write)
- 9.
- To what extent have your parents contributed to the formation of yourself as a person and to the development of your various qualities and skills? (Indicate one answer)
(a) To a very large extent 1 (b) To a great extent 2 (c) On average 3 (d) To a small extent 4 (e) They do not contribute 5 - 10.
- Do you think family is important to you? (Indicate one answer)
- (a)
- Yes
- (b)
- To some extend
- (c)
- No
- 11.
- Do you celebrate different holidays with your parents and relatives: birthdays, family holidays, public official holidays? (Indicate as many answers as you want)
- (a)
- Birthdays
- (b)
- Family holidays
- (c)
- Public holidays
- (d)
- Something else (please write)
- 12.
- What common activities do you do in your family? (Indicate as many answers as you want)
- (a)
- Watching TV
- (b)
- Discussing various topics
- (c)
- Family games
- (d)
- Household activities
- (e)
- Something else (please write)
- 13.
- Is there someone in your family with whom you can discuss personal matters? (Indicate one answer)
- (a)
- Yes
- (b)
- No
- 14.
- Rank the following five different values according to their significance to you.
- (a)
- Family
- (b)
- Education
- (c)
- Work (profession)
- (d)
- Money
- (e)
- Friends
- 15.
- The next group of questions is about what qualities you possess. Rate each quality on a scale of 1 to 5, as “1” is the lowest degree of possession of the quality and “5” is the highest degree of possession of the quality.
I have the following qualities: Persistence 1 2 3 4 5 Honesty 1 2 3 4 5 Responsibility 1 2 3 4 5 Sense of humor 1 2 3 4 5 Self-criticism 1 2 3 4 5 Diligence 1 2 3 4 5 Discipline 1 2 3 4 5 Sociability 1 2 3 4 5 Confidence 1 2 3 4 5 Respectful of elders 1 2 3 4 5 Organized 1 2 3 4 5 Independence 1 2 3 4 5 Inquisitiveness 1 2 3 4 5 Original thinking 1 2 3 4 5 Optimism 1 2 3 4 5 Politeness 1 2 3 4 5 Criticality 1 2 3 4 5 - 16.
- Now, please indicate what qualities you would like to possess. Each quality is rated from 1 to 5, as “1” being the lowest degree of desire to possess the quality and “5” being the highest degree.
I would like to have the following qualities: Persistence 1 2 3 4 5 Honesty 1 2 3 4 5 Responsibility 1 2 3 4 5 Sense of humor 1 2 3 4 5 Self-criticism 1 2 3 4 5 Diligence 1 2 3 4 5 Discipline 1 2 3 4 5 Sociability 1 2 3 4 5 Confidence 1 2 3 4 5 Respectful of elders 1 2 3 4 5 Organized 1 2 3 4 5 Independence 1 2 3 4 5 Inquisitiveness 1 2 3 4 5 Original thinking 1 2 3 4 5 Optimism 1 2 3 4 5 Politeness 1 2 3 4 5 Criticality 1 2 3 4 5
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Areas of Expression | Qualities |
---|---|
Work | Diligence Organized |
Social control | Discipline Respectful of elders |
Learning | Inquisitiveness |
Creativity | Original thinking |
Autonomy | Responsibility Independence |
Self-attitude | Confidence Self-criticism |
Attitude towards success | Persistence |
General life attitude | Sense of humor Optimism |
Ethics in communication | Politeness Honesty |
Social activity | Criticality Sociability |
Social Characteristics | Numbers | Numbers | Numbers |
---|---|---|---|
Ethnicity | 130 Bulgarians | 70 Turks | 70 Roma |
Gender | 140 girls | 130 Boys | |
Age | 30: 14 years | 100: 15 years | 140: 16 years |
Residence | 170: from Sofia | 100—from the country |
Quality | Self-Real | Self-Ideal |
---|---|---|
Persistence | 1 | 6 |
Honesty | 2 | 2 |
Responsibility | 3 | 1 |
Sense of humor | 4 | 7 |
Self-criticism | 5 | 3 |
Diligence | 6 | 8 |
Discipline | 7 | 9 |
Sociability | 8 | 4 |
Confidence | 9 | 10 |
Respectful of elders | 10 | 11 |
Organized | 11 | 5 |
Independence | 12 | 13 |
Inquisitiveness | 13 | 14 |
Original thinking | 14 | 12 |
Optimism | 15 | 15 |
Politeness | 16 | 16 |
Criticality | 17 | 17 |
Ethnicity | Coefficient (τ) | p |
---|---|---|
Bulgarians | 0.59 | 0.02 |
Roma | 0.61 | 0.01 |
Turks | 0.60 | 0.01 |
Self-Real | Rank | Self-Ideal | Rank |
---|---|---|---|
Persistence | 1 | Persistence | 1 |
Honesty | 2 | Self-criticism | 2 |
Responsibility | 3 | Honesty | 3 |
Sense of humor | 4 | Responsibility | 4 |
Self-criticism | 5 | Sense of humor | 5 |
Self-Real | Rank | Self-Ideal | Rank |
---|---|---|---|
Persistence | 1 | Responsibility | 1 |
Diligence | 2 | Honesty | 2 |
Sense of humor | 3 | Persistence | 3 |
Honesty | 4 | Sociability | 4 |
Responsibility | 5 | Persistence | 5 |
Self-Real | Rank | Self-Ideal | Rank |
---|---|---|---|
Persistence | 1 | Diligence | 1 |
Honesty | 2 | Organized | 2 |
Sense of humor | 3 | Honesty | 3 |
Responsibility | 4 | Sense of humor | 4 |
Diligence | 5 | Sociability | 5 |
Answer | Total (%) | Bulgarians (%) | Turks (%) | Roma (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes | 81.5 | 86.2 | 85.7 | 68.6 |
To some extent | 14.8 | 12.3 | 11.4 | 22.9 |
No | 3.7 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 8.6 |
Holidays | Total (%) | Bulgarians (%) | Turks (%) | Roma (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Birthdays | 85.2 | 96.2 | 92.9 | 57.1 |
Family holidays | 83.3 | 92.3 | 85.7 | 64.3 |
Public holidays | 92.6 | 94.6 | 85.7 | 95.7 |
Activities | Total (%) | Bulgarians (%) | Turks (%) | Roma (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Watching TV | 81.5 | 95.4 | 71.4 | 65.7 |
Discussing various topics | 66.7 | 96.9 | 42.9 | 34.3 |
Family games | 70.4 | 96.2 | 42.9 | 50.0 |
Household activities | 63.0 | 40.0 | 92.9 | 75.7 |
Bulgarians | Turks | Roma |
---|---|---|
Family (1.5) | Family (1) | Money (1.5) |
Friends (1.5) | Education (2) | Family (1.5) |
Money (3) | Work (profession) (3) | Friends (3) |
Education (4) | Friends (4) | Education (4) |
Work (profession) (5) | Money (5) | Work (profession) (5) |
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Milenkova, V.; Nakova, A. Personality Development and Behavior in Adolescence: Characteristics and Dimensions. Societies 2023, 13, 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13060148
Milenkova V, Nakova A. Personality Development and Behavior in Adolescence: Characteristics and Dimensions. Societies. 2023; 13(6):148. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13060148
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilenkova, Valentina, and Albena Nakova. 2023. "Personality Development and Behavior in Adolescence: Characteristics and Dimensions" Societies 13, no. 6: 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13060148