Contextual Factors in Ethnic-Racial Socialization in White Families in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Ethnic-Racial Socialization (ERS)
1.2. Contexts of Ethnic-Racial Socialization: Children Learning and Parents Teaching
1.3. Ethnic-Racial Composition in the Neighborhood, School, and Social Network
1.4. Geographic Region
1.5. This Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Sample
2.3. Measures
2.4. Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Limitations and Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean (SD) | |
---|---|
Cultural socialization | 2.70 (1.02) |
Promotion of mistrust | 2.03 (1.15) |
Preparation for bias | 2.45 (1.03) |
Egalitarianism | 2.59 (0.96) |
Mainstream socialization | 2.63 (1.01) |
Exposure to diversity | 2.64 (1.12) |
Silent racial socialization | 1.92 (1.00) |
Antiracism socialization | 2.50 (1.16) |
% white in neighborhood | 61.12 (27.75) |
% white in high school | 58.46 (25.91) |
% white in family’s social network | 64.31 (27.2) |
Percentage | |
Region of residence | |
Northeast | 17.0 |
Midwest | 21.2 |
West | 24.9 |
South | 36.9 |
Gender | |
Man | 44.6 |
Woman | 53.8 |
Non-binary/other gender | 1.50 |
Parents’ education | |
Less than eighth grade | 0.20 |
Eighth grade | 1.60 |
High school/GED | 32.9 |
Vocational/associate’s | 17.5 |
Bachelor’s | 29.5 |
Advanced degree | 18.3 |
% White Neighborhood | % White High School | % White Family Social Network | |
---|---|---|---|
Cultural socialization | −0.056 | −0.051 | −0.062 |
Promotion of mistrust | −0.119 ** | −0.113 ** | −0.075 * |
Preparation for bias | −0.090 ** | −0.088 ** | −0.100 ** |
Egalitarianism | −0.048 | −0.026 | −0.055 |
Mainstream socialization | −0.007 | 0.033 | −0.006 |
Exposure to diversity | −0.043 | −0.045 | −0.082 * |
Silent racial socialization | −0.055 | −0.053 | −0.073 * |
Antiracism socialization | −0.009 | −0.034 | −0.101 ** |
Northeast | Midwest | West | South | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cultural socialization | 2.75 (2.1) | 2.62 (1.01) | 2.65 (1.06) | 2.76 (1.0) |
Promotion of mistrust | 2.10 (1.16) | 2.00 (1.14) | 1.87 (1.14) * | 2.13 (1.15) |
Preparation for bias | 2.49 (0.93) | 2.30 (1.03) | 2.41 (1.09) | 2.53 (1.02) |
Egalitarianism | 2.56 (0.89) | 2.57 (1.02) | 2.46 (0.94) * | 2.69 (0.97) |
Mainstream socialization | 2.70 (1.01) | 2.55 (1.01) | 2.44 (0.98) *** | 2.77 (1.02) |
Silent racial socialization | 1.96 (0.98) | 1.97 (1.04) ** | 1.71 (0.94) *** | 2.02 (1.01) |
Exposure to diversity | 2.63 (1.10) | 2.49 (1.13) | 2.72 (1.18) | 2.68 (1.09) |
Antiracism socialization | 2.58 (1.11) | 2.42 (1.15) | 2.52 (1.19) | 2.50 (1.17) |
Cultural Socialization | Promotion of Mistrust | Preparation for Bias | Egalitarianism | Mainstream Socialization | Silent Racial Socialization | Exposure to Diversity | Antiracism Socialization | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE B) | B (SE B) | B (SE B) | B (SE B) | B (SE B) | B (SE B) | B (SE B) | B (SE B) | |
% white ethnic-racial composition | ||||||||
% neighborhood | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.003 + (0.002) | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.002) | 0 (0.002) | 0 (0.002) | 0.004 + (0.002) |
% high school | −0.001 (0.002) | −0.003 (0.002) | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.002) | 0.003 + (0.002) | 0 (0.002) | 0 (0.002) | 0 (0.002) |
% family social network | −0.001 (0.002) | 0.001 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.001) | 0.001 (0.002) | −0.002 (0.002) | −0.004 * (0.002) | −0.007 *** (0.002) |
Region † | ||||||||
Northeast | 0.021 (0.096) | −0.001 (0.108) | 0.01 (0.096) | −0.083 (0.090) | −0.014 (0.095) | −0.021 (0.094) | −0.048 (0.106) | 0.086 (0.109) |
Midwest | −0.122 (0.088) | −0.108 + (0.099) | −0.18 * (0.089) | −0.09 (0.084) | −0.194 * (0.087) | −0.031 (0.087) | −0.182 + (0.098) | −0.076 (0.101) |
West | −0.046 (0.089) | −0.183 + (0.1) | −0.015 (0.089) | −0.131 (0.084) | −0.222 * (0.088) | −0.222 * (0.087) | 0.046 (0.098) | 0.029 (0.101) |
Covariates †† | ||||||||
Man | 0.093 (0.069) | 0.12 (0.078) | 0.176 * (0.069) | 0.202 ** (0.065) | 0.237 *** (0.068) | 0.167 * (0.068) | −0.032 (0.076) | 0.04 (0.079) |
Non-binary or other gender | −0.873 *** (0.266) | −0.293 * (0.299) | −0.557 * (0.267) | −0.034 (0.251) | −0.144 (0.262) | −0.31 (0.26) | −0.433 (0.294) | 0.083 (0.303) |
Parents’ education | 0.06 * (0.028) | −0.096 ** (0.031) | 0.027 + (0.028) | −0.011 (0.026) | 0.029 (0.028) | 0.037 (0.027) | 0.082 ** (0.031) | 0.091 ** (0.032) |
Model fit | ||||||||
Adjusted r2 | 0.017 | 0.028 | 0.021 | 0.013 | 0.025 | 0.021 | 0.013 | 0.017 |
N of cases | 988 | 988 | 988 | 988 | 988 | 988 | 988 | 988 |
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Nieri, T.; Huft, J. Contextual Factors in Ethnic-Racial Socialization in White Families in the United States. Societies 2023, 13, 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050114
Nieri T, Huft J. Contextual Factors in Ethnic-Racial Socialization in White Families in the United States. Societies. 2023; 13(5):114. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050114
Chicago/Turabian StyleNieri, Tanya, and Justin Huft. 2023. "Contextual Factors in Ethnic-Racial Socialization in White Families in the United States" Societies 13, no. 5: 114. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050114