WASH and Health in Sindhupalchowk District of Nepal after the Gorkha Earthquake
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Data Collection
2.3.1. Questionnaire Survey
2.3.2. Water Sampling
2.4. Measurement
2.5. Analysis
2.5.1. Water Quality Analysis
2.5.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Water Use and Sanitation
3.2. Water Use and Waterborne Diseases
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Q.N.1 Do you or any of your family member have any of following diseases last month? Please choose the appropriate answers. (√) | ||||||
(i) Diarrhoea | (ii) Hepatitis A and E | (iii) Typhoid | ||||
Q.N.2 How many family members do you have in your family? | ||||||
Q.N.3 Please choose the water source used for household purpose (√) and also mention the amount of water used. | ||||||
S.N. | Types of water source | Total amount of water used by household (liters/day) | ||||
1. | Water supply system | |||||
2. | Spring | |||||
3. | River | |||||
4. | Others | |||||
Q.N.4 When did you clean storage vessel last time? | ||||||
…………days ago | ||||||
Q.N.5 Do you use toilet? | ||||||
(i) Yes | (ii) No | |||||
Q.N.6 How do you dispose solid waste? | ||||||
(i) Burn | (ii) Bury | (iii) Throw outside | ||||
(iv) Others | ||||||
Q.N.7 Please choose the answer appropriate for you regarding hygiene behaviour (√) | ||||||
S.N. | Items | Most of the time | Sometimes | Rarely | Never | |
(1) | Do you wash your hand after going to toilet? | |||||
(2) | Do you wash your hand before eating? | |||||
(3) | Do you wash your hand before preparing food? | |||||
(4) | Do you wash your hand after getting home? | |||||
(5) | Do you use soap to wash your hand? | |||||
(6) | Do you take a bath regularly? | |||||
(7) | Do you wash your clothes regularly? | |||||
(8) | Do you clean toilet regularly? | |||||
(9) | Do you clean the kitchen regularly? | |||||
(10) | Do you wash fruits and vegetables with sufficient water? |
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Variables | Pre-Monsoon | Monsoon | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Water Consumption | Number of Respondents, n (%) | Number of Respondents, n (%) | |
<50 L/c/d | 138 (68.3%) | 127 (62.9%) | |
50 L/c/d and more | 64 (31.7%) | 75 (37.1%) | 0.01 a |
Water consumption (L/c/d) (median) | 26.6 | 33.3 | <0.001 b |
Variables | Pre-Monsoon | Monsoon | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Waterborne Diseases | Number of Respondents, n (%) | Number of Respondents, n (%) | |
Yes | 20 (9.5%) | 18 (8.6%) | 0.78 a |
No | 190 (90.5%) | 191 (91.4%) |
Pre-Monsoon | Monsoon | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Water Quantity | Number of Respondents | Respondents with Disease, n (%) | p-Value | Number of Respondents | Respondents with Disease, n (%) | p-Value |
<50 L/c/d | 138 | 18 (13%) | 0.02 b | 133 | 16 (12%) | 0.02 b |
50 L/c/d and more | 65 | 2 (3%) | 75 | 2 (2.6%) |
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Shrestha, S.; Malla, R.; Kazama, F. WASH and Health in Sindhupalchowk District of Nepal after the Gorkha Earthquake. Societies 2022, 12, 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12030091
Shrestha S, Malla R, Kazama F. WASH and Health in Sindhupalchowk District of Nepal after the Gorkha Earthquake. Societies. 2022; 12(3):91. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12030091
Chicago/Turabian StyleShrestha, Salina, Rabin Malla, and Futaba Kazama. 2022. "WASH and Health in Sindhupalchowk District of Nepal after the Gorkha Earthquake" Societies 12, no. 3: 91. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc12030091